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G.3 Emulation of ls
on MS-Windows
Dired normally uses the external program ls
(or its close
work-alike) to produce the directory listing displayed in Dired
buffers (see section Dired, the Directory Editor). However, MS-Windows and MS-DOS systems don't
come with such a program, although several ports of GNU ls
are available. Therefore, Emacs on those systems emulates
ls
in Lisp, by using the ‘ls-lisp.el’ package. While
‘ls-lisp.el’ provides a reasonably full emulation of ls
,
there are some options and features peculiar to that emulation;
they are described in this section.
The ls
emulation supports many of the ls
switches, but
it doesn't support all of them. Here's the list of the switches it
does support: ‘-A’, ‘-a’, ‘-B’, ‘-C’,
‘-c’, ‘-i’, ‘-G’, ‘-g’, ‘-R’,
‘-r’, ‘-S’, ‘-s’, ‘-t’, ‘-U’,
‘-u’, and ‘-X’. The ‘-F’ switch is partially
supported (it appends the character that classifies the file, but does
not prevent symlink following).
On MS-Windows and MS-DOS, ‘ls-lisp.el’ is preloaded when Emacs
is built, so the Lisp emulation of ls
is always used on those
platforms. If you have a ported ls
, setting
ls-lisp-use-insert-directory-program
to a non-nil
value
will revert to using an external program named by the variable
insert-directory-program
.
By default, ‘ls-lisp.el’ uses a case-sensitive sort order for
the directory listing it produces; this is so the listing looks the
same as on other platforms. If you wish that the files be sorted in
case-insensitive order, set the variable ls-lisp-ignore-case
to
a non-nil
value.
By default, files and subdirectories are sorted together, to emulate
the behavior of ls
. However, native MS-Windows/MS-DOS file
managers list the directories before the files; if you want that
behavior, customize the option ls-lisp-dirs-first
to a
non-nil
value.
The variable ls-lisp-verbosity
controls the file attributes
that ‘ls-lisp.el’ displays. The value should be a list that
contains one or more of the symbols links
, uid
, and
gid
. links
means display the count of different file
names that are associated with (a.k.a. links to) the file's
data; this is only useful on NTFS volumes. uid
means display
the numerical identifier of the user who owns the file. gid
means display the numerical identifier of the file owner's group. The
default value is (links uid gid)
i.e. all the 3 optional
attributes are displayed.
The variable ls-lisp-emulation
controls the flavour of the
ls
emulation by setting the defaults for the 3 options
described above: ls-lisp-ignore-case
,
ls-lisp-dirs-first
, and ls-lisp-verbosity
. The value of
this option can be one of the following symbols:
-
GNU
-
nil
Emulate GNU systems; this is the default. This sets
ls-lisp-ignore-case
andls-lisp-dirs-first
tonil
, andls-lisp-verbosity
to(links uid gid)
.-
UNIX
Emulate Unix systems. Like
GNU
, but setsls-lisp-verbosity
to(links uid)
.-
MacOS
Emulate MacOS. Sets
ls-lisp-ignore-case
tot
, andls-lisp-dirs-first
andls-lisp-verbosity
tonil
.-
MS-Windows
Emulate MS-Windows. Sets
ls-lisp-ignore-case
andls-lisp-dirs-first
tot
, andls-lisp-verbosity
to(links)
on Windows NT/2K/XP/2K3 and tonil
on Windows 9X. Note that the default emulation is notMS-Windows
, even on Windows, since many users of Emacs on those platforms prefer the GNU defaults.
Any other value of ls-lisp-emulation
means the same as
GNU
. Note that this option needs to be set before
‘ls-lisp.el’ is loaded, which means that on MS-Windows and MS-DOS
you will have to set the value from your ‘.emacs’ file and then
restart Emacs, since ‘ls-lisp.el’ is preloaded.
The variable ls-lisp-support-shell-wildcards
controls how
file-name patterns are supported: if it is non-nil
(the
default), they are treated as shell-style wildcards; otherwise they
are treated as Emacs regular expressions.
The variable ls-lisp-format-time-list
defines how to format
the date and time of files. The value of this variable is
ignored, unless Emacs cannot determine the current locale. (However,
if the value of ls-lisp-use-localized-time-format
is
non-nil
, Emacs obeys ls-lisp-format-time-list
even if
the current locale is available; see below.)
The value of ls-lisp-format-time-list
is a list of 2 strings.
The first string is used if the file was modified within the current
year, while the second string is used for older files. In each of
these two strings you can use ‘%’-sequences to substitute parts
of the time. For example:
("%b %e %H:%M" "%b %e %Y") |
Note that the strings substituted for these ‘%’-sequences depend on the current locale. See (elisp)Time Parsing section `Time Parsing' in The Emacs Lisp Reference Manual, for more about format time specs.
Normally, Emacs formats the file time stamps in either traditional
or ISO-style time format. However, if the value of the variable
ls-lisp-use-localized-time-format
is non-nil
, Emacs
formats file time stamps according to what
ls-lisp-format-time-list
specifies. The ‘%’-sequences in
ls-lisp-format-time-list
produce locale-dependent month and day
names, which might cause misalignment of columns in Dired display.
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