How do I execute code only during initialization (only before the first scan)?

You can specify an initial action by defining the macro YY_USER_INIT (though note that yyout may not be available at the time this macro is executed). Or you can add to the beginning of your rules section:

%%
    /* Must be indented! */
    static int did_init = 0;

    if ( ! did_init ){
do_my_init();
        did_init = 1;
    }

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