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14.8 Examples
The following program computes the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the 4-th order Hilbert matrix, H(i,j) = 1/(i + j + 1).
#include <stdio.h> #include <gsl/gsl_math.h> #include <gsl/gsl_eigen.h> int main (void) { double data[] = { 1.0 , 1/2.0, 1/3.0, 1/4.0, 1/2.0, 1/3.0, 1/4.0, 1/5.0, 1/3.0, 1/4.0, 1/5.0, 1/6.0, 1/4.0, 1/5.0, 1/6.0, 1/7.0 }; gsl_matrix_view m = gsl_matrix_view_array (data, 4, 4); gsl_vector *eval = gsl_vector_alloc (4); gsl_matrix *evec = gsl_matrix_alloc (4, 4); gsl_eigen_symmv_workspace * w = gsl_eigen_symmv_alloc (4); gsl_eigen_symmv (&m.matrix, eval, evec, w); gsl_eigen_symmv_free (w); gsl_eigen_symmv_sort (eval, evec, GSL_EIGEN_SORT_ABS_ASC); { int i; for (i = 0; i < 4; i++) { double eval_i = gsl_vector_get (eval, i); gsl_vector_view evec_i = gsl_matrix_column (evec, i); printf ("eigenvalue = %g\n", eval_i); printf ("eigenvector = \n"); gsl_vector_fprintf (stdout, &evec_i.vector, "%g"); } } gsl_vector_free (eval); gsl_matrix_free (evec); return 0; } |
Here is the beginning of the output from the program,
$ ./a.out eigenvalue = 9.67023e-05 eigenvector = -0.0291933 0.328712 -0.791411 0.514553 ... |
This can be compared with the corresponding output from GNU OCTAVE,
octave> [v,d] = eig(hilb(4)); octave> diag(d) ans = 9.6702e-05 6.7383e-03 1.6914e-01 1.5002e+00 octave> v v = 0.029193 0.179186 -0.582076 0.792608 -0.328712 -0.741918 0.370502 0.451923 0.791411 0.100228 0.509579 0.322416 -0.514553 0.638283 0.514048 0.252161 |
Note that the eigenvectors can differ by a change of sign, since the sign of an eigenvector is arbitrary.
The following program illustrates the use of the nonsymmetric eigensolver, by computing the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the Vandermonde matrix V(x;i,j) = x_i^{n - j} with x = (-1,-2,3,4).
#include <stdio.h> #include <gsl/gsl_math.h> #include <gsl/gsl_eigen.h> int main (void) { double data[] = { -1.0, 1.0, -1.0, 1.0, -8.0, 4.0, -2.0, 1.0, 27.0, 9.0, 3.0, 1.0, 64.0, 16.0, 4.0, 1.0 }; gsl_matrix_view m = gsl_matrix_view_array (data, 4, 4); gsl_vector_complex *eval = gsl_vector_complex_alloc (4); gsl_matrix_complex *evec = gsl_matrix_complex_alloc (4, 4); gsl_eigen_nonsymmv_workspace * w = gsl_eigen_nonsymmv_alloc (4); gsl_eigen_nonsymmv (&m.matrix, eval, evec, w); gsl_eigen_nonsymmv_free (w); gsl_eigen_nonsymmv_sort (eval, evec, GSL_EIGEN_SORT_ABS_DESC); { int i, j; for (i = 0; i < 4; i++) { gsl_complex eval_i = gsl_vector_complex_get (eval, i); gsl_vector_complex_view evec_i = gsl_matrix_complex_column (evec, i); printf ("eigenvalue = %g + %gi\n", GSL_REAL(eval_i), GSL_IMAG(eval_i)); printf ("eigenvector = \n"); for (j = 0; j < 4; ++j) { gsl_complex z = gsl_vector_complex_get(&evec_i.vector, j); printf("%g + %gi\n", GSL_REAL(z), GSL_IMAG(z)); } } } gsl_vector_complex_free(eval); gsl_matrix_complex_free(evec); return 0; } |
Here is the beginning of the output from the program,
$ ./a.out eigenvalue = -6.41391 + 0i eigenvector = -0.0998822 + 0i -0.111251 + 0i 0.292501 + 0i 0.944505 + 0i eigenvalue = 5.54555 + 3.08545i eigenvector = -0.043487 + -0.0076308i 0.0642377 + -0.142127i -0.515253 + 0.0405118i -0.840592 + -0.00148565i ... |
This can be compared with the corresponding output from GNU OCTAVE,
octave> [v,d] = eig(vander([-1 -2 3 4])); octave> diag(d) ans = -6.4139 + 0.0000i 5.5456 + 3.0854i 5.5456 - 3.0854i 2.3228 + 0.0000i octave> v v = Columns 1 through 3: -0.09988 + 0.00000i -0.04350 - 0.00755i -0.04350 + 0.00755i -0.11125 + 0.00000i 0.06399 - 0.14224i 0.06399 + 0.14224i 0.29250 + 0.00000i -0.51518 + 0.04142i -0.51518 - 0.04142i 0.94451 + 0.00000i -0.84059 + 0.00000i -0.84059 - 0.00000i Column 4: -0.14493 + 0.00000i 0.35660 + 0.00000i 0.91937 + 0.00000i 0.08118 + 0.00000i |
Note that the eigenvectors corresponding to the eigenvalue 5.54555 + 3.08545i are slightly different. This is because they differ by the multiplicative constant 0.9999984 + 0.0017674i which has magnitude 1.
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