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3.4.9 Example 4: Object Orientation
Closure is the capture of an environment, containing persistent variable bindings, within the definition of a procedure or a set of related procedures. This is rather similar to the idea in some object oriented languages of encapsulating a set of related data variables inside an “object”, together with a set of “methods” that operate on the encapsulated data. The following example shows how closure can be used to emulate the ideas of objects, methods and encapsulation in Scheme.
(define (make-account) (let ((balance 0)) (define (get-balance) balance) (define (deposit amount) (set! balance (+ balance amount)) balance) (define (withdraw amount) (deposit (- amount))) (lambda args (apply (case (car args) ((get-balance) get-balance) ((deposit) deposit) ((withdraw) withdraw) (else (error "Invalid method!"))) (cdr args)))))
Each call to make-account
creates and returns a new procedure,
created by the expression in the example code that begins “(lambda
args”.
(define my-account (make-account)) my-account ⇒ #<procedure args>
This procedure acts as an account object with methods
get-balance
, deposit
and withdraw
. To apply one of
the methods to the account, you call the procedure with a symbol
indicating the required method as the first parameter, followed by any
other parameters that are required by that method.
(my-account 'get-balance) ⇒ 0 (my-account 'withdraw 5) ⇒ -5 (my-account 'deposit 396) ⇒ 391 (my-account 'get-balance) ⇒ 391
Note how, in this example, both the current balance and the helper
procedures get-balance
, deposit
and withdraw
, used
to implement the guts of the account object’s methods, are all stored in
variable bindings within the private local environment captured by the
lambda
expression that creates the account object procedure.
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