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tail(1)                          User Commands                         tail(1)


NAME

       tail - output the last part of files


SYNOPSIS

       tail [OPTION]... [FILE]...


DESCRIPTION

       Print the last 10 lines of each FILE to standard output.  With more
       than one FILE, precede each with a header giving the file name.

       With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input.

       Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options
       too.

       -c, --bytes=[+]NUM
              output the last NUM bytes; or use -c +NUM to output starting
              with byte NUM of each file

       -f, --follow[={name|descriptor}]
              output appended data as the file grows;

              an absent option argument means 'descriptor'

       -F     same as --follow=name --retry

       -n, --lines=[+]NUM
              output the last NUM lines, instead of the last 10; or use -n
              +NUM to skip NUM-1 lines at the start

       --max-unchanged-stats=N
              with --follow=name, reopen a FILE which has not

              changed size after N (default 5) iterations to see if it has
              been unlinked or renamed (this is the usual case of rotated log
              files); with inotify, this option is rarely useful

       --pid=PID
              with -f, terminate after process ID, PID dies

       -q, --quiet, --silent
              never output headers giving file names

       --retry
              keep trying to open a file if it is inaccessible

       -s, --sleep-interval=N
              with -f, sleep for approximately N seconds (default 1.0) between
              iterations; with inotify and --pid=P, check process P at least
              once every N seconds

       -v, --verbose
              always output headers giving file names

       -z, --zero-terminated
              line delimiter is NUL, not newline

       --help display this help and exit

       --version
              output version information and exit

       NUM may have a multiplier suffix: b 512, kB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000,
       M 1024*1024, GB 1000*1000*1000, G 1024*1024*1024, and so on for T, P,
       E, Z, Y, R, Q.  Binary prefixes can be used, too: KiB=K, MiB=M, and so
       on.

       With --follow (-f), tail defaults to following the file descriptor,
       which means that even if a tail'ed file is renamed, tail will continue
       to track its end.  This default behavior is not desirable when you
       really want to track the actual name of the file, not the file
       descriptor (e.g., log rotation).  Use --follow=name in that case.  That
       causes tail to track the named file in a way that accommodates
       renaming, removal and creation.


AUTHOR

       Written by Paul Rubin, David MacKenzie, Ian Lance Taylor, and Jim
       Meyering.


REPORTING BUGS

       GNU coreutils online help: <https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/>
       Report any translation bugs to <https://translationproject.org/team/>


COPYRIGHT

       Copyright © 2023 Free Software Foundation, Inc.  License GPLv3+: GNU
       GPL version 3 or later <https://gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html>.
       This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it.
       There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law.


SEE ALSO

       head(1)

       Full documentation <https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/tail>
       or available locally via: info '(coreutils) tail invocation'

GNU coreutils 9.4                 August 2023                          tail(1)

coreutils 9.4 - Generated Sun Sep 3 05:51:19 CDT 2023
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