math(3) BSD Library Functions Manual math(3)
NAME
math -- mathematical library functions
SYNOPSIS
#include <math.h>
DESCRIPTION
The header file math.h provides function prototypes and macros for work-
ing with floating point values.
Each math.h function is provided in three variants: single, double and
extended precision. The single and double precision variants operate on
IEEE-754 single and double precision values, which correspond to the C
types float and double, respectively.
On Intel Macs, the C type long double corresponds to 80-bit IEEE-754 dou-
ble extended precision. On iOS devices using ARM processors, long double
is mapped to double, as there is no hardware-supported wider type.
Details of the floating point formats can be found via "man float".
Users who need to repeatedly perform the same calculation on a large set
of data will probably find that the vector math library (composed of
vMathLib and vForce) yields better performance for their needs than
sequential calls to the libm.
Users who need to perform mathematical operations on complex floating-
point numbers should consult the man pages for the complex portion of the
math library, via "man complex".
LIST OF FUNCTIONS
Each of the functions that use floating-point values are provided in sin-
gle, double, and extended precision; the double precision prototypes are
listed here. The man pages for the individual functions provide more
details on their use, special cases, and prototypes for their single and
extended precision versions.
int fpclassify(double)
int isfinite(double)
int isinf(double)
int isnan(double)
int isnormal(double)
int signbit(double)
These function-like macros are used to classify a single floating-point
argument.
double copysign(double, double)
double nextafter(double, double)
copysign(x, y) returns the value equal in magnitude to x with the sign of
y. nextafter(x, y) returns the next floating-point number after x in the
direction of y. Both are correctly-rounded.
double nan(const char *tag)
The nan() function returns a quiet NaN, without raising the invalid flag.
double ceil(double)
double floor(double)
double nearbyint(double)
double rint(double)
double round(double)
long int lrint(double)
long int lround(double)
long long int llrint(double)
long long int llround(double)
double trunc(double)
These functions provide various means to round floating-point values to
integral values. They are correctly rounded.
double fmod(double, double)
double remainder(double, double)
double remquo(double x, double y, int *)
These return a remainder of the division of x by y with an integral quo-
tient. remquo() additionally provides access to a few lower bits of the
quotient. They are correctly rounded.
double fdim(double, double)
double fmax(double, double)
double fmin(double, double)
fmax(x, y) and fmin(x, y) return the maximum and minimum of x and y,
respectively. fdim(x, y) returns the positive difference of x and y. All
are correctly rounded.
double fma(double x, double y, double z)
fma(x, y, z) computes the value (x*y) + z as though without intermediate
rounding. It is correctly rounded.
double fabs(double)
double sqrt(double)
double cbrt(double)
double hypot(double, double)
fabs(x), sqrt(x), and cbrt(x) return the absolute value, square root, and
cube root of x, respectively. hypot(x, y) returns sqrt(x*x + y*y).
fabs() and sqrt() are correctly rounded.
double exp(double)
double exp2(double)
double __exp10(double)
double expm1(double)
exp(x), exp2(x), __exp10(x), and expm1(x) return e**x, 2**x, 10**x, and
e**x - 1, respectively.
double log(double)
double log2(double)
double log10(double)
double log1p(double)
log(x), log2(x), and log10(x) return the natural, base-2, and base-10
logarithms of x, respectively. log1p(x) returns the natural log of 1+x.
double logb(double)
int ilogb(double)
logb(x) and ilogb(x) return the exponent of x.
double modf(double, double *)
double frexp(double, int *)
modf(x, &y) returns the fractional part of x and stores the integral part
in y. frexp(x, &n) returns the mantissa of x and stores the exponent in
n. They are correctly rounded.
double ldexp(double, int)
double scalbn(double, int)
double scalbln(double, long int)
ldexp(x, n), scalbn(x, n), and scalbln(x, n) return x*2**n. They are
correctly rounded.
double pow(double, double)
pow(x,y) returns x raised to the power y.
double cos(double)
double sin(double)
double tan(double)
cos(x), sin(x), and tan(x) return the cosine, sine and tangent of x,
respectively. Note that x is interpreted as specifying an angle in radi-
ans.
double cosh(double)
double sinh(double)
double tanh(double)
cosh(x), sinh(x), and tanh(x) return the hyperbolic cosine, hyperbolic
sine and hyperbolic tangent of x, respectively.
double acos(double)
double asin(double)
double atan(double)
double atan2(double, double)
acos(x), asin(x), and atan(x) return the inverse cosine, inverse sine and
inverse tangent of x, respectively. Note that the result is an angle in
radians. atan2(y, x) returns the inverse tangent of y/x in radians, with
sign chosen according to the quadrant of (x,y).
double acosh(double)
double asinh(double)
double atanh(double)
acosh(x), asinh(x), and atanh(x) return the inverse hyperbolic cosine,
inverse hyperbolic sine and inverse hyperbolic tangent of x, respec-
tively.
double tgamma(double)
double lgamma(double)
tgamma(x) and lgamma(x) return the values of the gamma function and its
logarithm evalutated at x, respectively.
double j0(double)
double j1(double)
double jn(int, double)
double y0(double)
double y1(double)
double yn(int, double)
j0(x), j1(x), and jn(x) return the values of the zeroth, first, and nth
Bessel function of the first kind evaluated at x, respectively. y0(x),
y1(x), and yn(x) return the values of the zeroth, first, and nth Bessel
function of the second kind evaluated at x, respectively.
double erf(double)
double erfc(double)
erf(x) and erfc(x) return the values of the error function and the com-
plementary error function evaluated at x, respectively.
MATHEMATICAL CONSTANTS
In addition to the functions listed above, math.h defines a number of
useful constants, listed below.
CONSTANT VALUE
M_E base of natural logarithm, e
M_LOG2E log2(e)
M_LOG10E log10(e)
M_LN2 ln(2)
M_LN10 ln(10)
M_PI pi
M_PI_2 pi / 2
M_PI_4 pi / 4
M_1_PI 1 / pi
M_2_PI 2 / pi
M_2_SQRTPI 2 / sqrt(pi)
M_SQRT2 sqrt(2)
M_SQRT1_2 sqrt(1/2)
IEEE STANDARD 754 FLOATING-POINT ARITHMETIC
The libm functions declared in math.h provide mathematical library func-
tions in single-, double-, and extended-precision IEEE-754 floating-point
formats on Intel macs, and in single- and double-precision IEEE-754
floating-point formats on PowerPC macs.
SEE ALSO
float(3), complex(3)
STANDARDS
The <math.h> functions conform to the ISO/IEC 9899:2011 standard.
BSD August 16, 2012 BSD
Mac OS X 10.9.1 - Generated Wed Jan 8 19:39:06 CST 2014