mod_perl_tuning(3) User Contributed Perl Documentation mod_perl_tuning(3)
NAME
mod_perl_tuning - mod_perl performance tuning
DESCRIPTION
Described here are examples and hints on how to configure a mod_perl
enabled Apache server, concentrating on tips for configuration for
high-speed performance. The primary way to achieve maximal performance
is to reduce the resources consumed by the mod_perl enabled HTTPD
processes.
This document assumes familiarity with Apache configuration directives
some familiarity with the mod_perl configuration directives, and that
you have already built and installed a mod_perl enabled Apache server.
Please also read the mod_perl documentation that comes with mod_perl
for programming tips. Some configurations below use features from
mod_perl version 1.03 which were not present in earlier versions.
These performance tuning hints are collected from my experiences in
setting up and running servers for handling large promotional sites,
such as The Weather Channel's "Blimp Site-ings" game, the MSIE 4.0
"Subscribe to Win" game, and the MSN Million Dollar Madness game.
BASIC CONFIGURATION
The basic configuration for mod_perl is as follows. In the httpd.conf
file, I add configuration parameters to make the
"http://www.domain.com/programs" URL be the base location for all
mod_perl programs. Thus, access to
"http://www.domain.com/programs/printenv" will run the printenv script,
as we'll see below. Also, any *.perl file will be interpreted as a
mod_perl program just as if it were in the programs directory, and
*.rperl will be mod_perl, but without any HTTP headers automatically
sent; you must do this explicitly. If you don't want these last two,
just leave it out of your configuration.
In the configuration files, I use /var/www as the "ServerRoot"
directory, and /var/www/docs as the "DocumentRoot". You will need to
change it to match your particular setup. The network address below in
the access to perl-status should also be changed to match yours.
Additions to httpd.conf:
# put mod_perl programs here
# startup.perl loads all functions that we want to use within mod_perl
Perlrequire /var/www/perllib/startup.perl
<Directory /var/www/docs/programs>
AllowOverride None
Options ExecCGI
SetHandler perl-script
PerlHandler Apache::Registry
PerlSendHeader On
</Directory>
# like above, but no PerlSendHeaders
<Directory /var/www/docs/rprograms>
AllowOverride None
Options ExecCGI
SetHandler perl-script
PerlHandler Apache::Registry
PerlSendHeader Off
</Directory>
# allow arbitrary *.perl files to be scattered throughout the site.
<Files *.perl>
SetHandler perl-script
PerlHandler Apache::Registry
PerlSendHeader On
Options +ExecCGI
</Files>
# like *.perl, but do not send HTTP headers
<Files *.rperl>
SetHandler perl-script
PerlHandler Apache::Registry
PerlSendHeader Off
Options +ExecCGI
</Files>
<Location /perl-status>
SetHandler perl-script
PerlHandler Apache::Status
order deny,allow
deny from all
allow from 204.117.82.
</Location>
Now, you'll notice that I use a "PerlRequire" directive to load in the
file startup.perl. In that file, I include all of the "use" statements
that occur in any of my mod_perl programs (either from the programs
directory, or the *.perl files). Here is an example:
#! /usr/local/bin/perl
use strict;
# load up necessary perl function modules to be able to call from Perl-SSI
# files. These objects are reloaded upon server restart (SIGHUP or SIGUSR1)
# if PerlFreshRestart is "On" in httpd.conf (as of mod_perl 1.03).
# only library-type routines should go in this directory.
use lib "/var/www/perllib";
# make sure we are in a sane environment.
$ENV{GATEWAY_INTERFACE} =~ /^CGI-Perl/ or die "GATEWAY_INTERFACE not Perl!";
use Apache::Registry (); # for things in the "/programs" URL
# pull in things we will use in most requests so it is read and compiled
# exactly once
use CGI (); CGI->compile(':all');
use CGI::Carp ();
use DBI ();
use DBD::mysql ();
1;
What this does is pull in all of the code used by the programs (but
does not "import" any of the module methods) into the main HTTPD
process, which then creates the child processes with the code already
in place. You can also put any new modules you like into the
/var/www/perllib directory and simply "use" them in your programs.
There is no need to put "use lib "/var/www/perllib";" in all of your
programs. You do, however, still need to "use" the modules in your
programs. Perl is smart enough to know it doesn't need to recompile
the code, but it does need to "import" the module methods into your
program's name space.
If you only have a few modules to load, you can use the PerlModule
directive to pre-load them with the same effect.
The biggest benefit here is that the child process never needs to
recompile the code, so it is faster to start, and the child process
actually shares the same physical copy of the code in memory due to the
way the virtual memory system in modern operating systems works.
You will want to replace the "use" lines above with modules you
actually need.
Simple Test Program
Here's a sample script called printenv that you can stick in the
programs directory to test the functionality of the configuration.
#! /usr/local/bin/perl
use strict;
# print the environment in a mod_perl program under Apache::Registry
print "Content-type: text/html\n\n";
print "<HEAD><TITLE>Apache::Registry Environment</TITLE></HEAD>\n";
print "<BODY><PRE>\n";
print map { "$_ = $ENV{$_}\n" } sort keys %ENV;
print "</PRE></BODY>\n";
When you run this, check the value of the GATEWAY_INTERFACE variable to
see that you are indeed running mod_perl.
REDUCING MEMORY USE
As a side effect of using mod_perl, your HTTPD processes will be larger
than without it. There is just no way around it, as you have this
extra code to support your added functionality.
On a very busy site, the number of HTTPD processes can grow to be quite
large. For example, on one large site, the typical HTTPD was about 5Mb
large. With 30 of these, all of RAM was exhausted, and we started to
go to swap. With 60 of these, swapping turned into thrashing, and the
whole machine slowed to a crawl.
To reduce thrashing, limiting the maximum number of HTTPD processes to
a number that is just larger than what will fit into RAM (in this case,
45) is necessary. The drawback is that when the server is serving 45
requests, new requests will queue up and wait; however, if you let the
maximum number of processes grow, the new requests will start to get
served right away, but they will take much longer to complete.
One way to reduce the amount of real memory taken up by each process is
to pre-load commonly used modules into the primary HTTPD process so
that the code is shared by all processes. This is accomplished by
inserting the "use Foo ();" lines into the startup.perl file for any
"use Foo;" statement in any commonly used Registry program. The idea
is that the operating system's VM subsystem will share the data across
the processes.
You can also pre-load Apache::Registry programs using the
"Apache::RegistryLoader" module so that the code for these programs is
shared by all HTTPD processes as well.
NOTE: When you pre-load modules in the startup script, you may need to
kill and restart HTTPD for changes to take effect. A simple "kill
-HUP" or "kill -USR1" will not reload that code unless you have set the
"PerlFreshRestart" configuration parameter in httpd.conf to be "On".
REDUCING THE NUMBER OF LARGE PROCESSES
Unfortunately, simply reducing the size of each HTTPD process is not
enough on a very busy site. You also need to reduce the quantity of
these processes. This reduces memory consumption even more, and
results in fewer processes fighting for the attention of the CPU. If
you can reduce the quantity of processes to fit into RAM, your response
time is increased even more.
The idea of the techniques outlined below is to offload the normal
document delivery (such as static HTML and GIF files) from the mod_perl
HTTPD, and let it only handle the mod_perl requests. This way, your
large mod_perl HTTPD processes are not tied up delivering simple
content when a smaller process could perform the same job more
efficiently.
In the techniques below where there are two HTTPD configurations, the
same httpd executable can be used for both configurations; there is no
need to build HTTPD both with and without mod_perl compiled into it.
With Apache 1.3 this can be done with the DSO configuration -- just
configure one httpd invocation to dynamically load mod_perl and the
other not to do so.
These approaches work best when most of the requests are for static
content rather than mod_perl programs. Log file analysis become a bit
of a challenge when you have multiple servers running on the same host,
since you must log to different files.
TWO MACHINES
The simplest way is to put all static content on one machine, and all
mod_perl programs on another. The only trick is to make sure all links
are properly coded to refer to the proper host. The static content
will be served up by lots of small HTTPD processes (configured not to
use mod_perl), and the relatively few mod_perl requests can be handled
by the smaller number of large HTTPD processes on the other machine.
The drawback is that you must maintain two machines, and this can get
expensive. For extremely large projects, this is the best way to go.
TWO IP ADDRESSES
Similar to above, but one HTTPD runs bound to one IP address, while the
other runs bound to another IP address. The only difference is that
one machine runs both servers. Total memory usage is reduced because
the majority of files are served by the smaller HTTPD processes, so
there are fewer large mod_perl HTTPD processes sitting around.
This is accomplished using the httpd.conf directive "BindAddress" to
make each HTTPD respond only to one IP address on this host. One will
have mod_perl enabled, and the other will not.
TWO PORT NUMBERS
If you cannot get two IP addresses, you can also split the HTTPD
processes as above by putting one on the standard port 80, and the
other on some other port, such as 8042. The only configuration changes
will be the "Port" and log file directives in the httpd.conf file (and
also one of them does not have any mod_perl directives).
The major flaw with this scheme is that some firewalls will not allow
access to the server running on the alternate port, so some people will
not be able to access all of your pages.
If you use this approach or the one above with dual IP addresses, you
probably do not want to have the *.perl and *.rperl sections from the
sample configuration above, as this would require that your primary
HTTPD server be mod_perl enabled as well.
Thanks to Gerd Knops for this idea.
USING ProxyPass WITH TWO SERVERS
To overcome the limitation of the alternate port above, you can use
dual Apache HTTPD servers with just slight difference in configuration.
Essentially, you set up two servers just as you would with the two port
on same IP address method above. However, in your primary HTTPD
configuration you add a line like this:
ProxyPass /programs http://localhost:8042/programs
Where your mod_perl enabled HTTPD is running on port 8042, and has only
the directory programs within its DocumentRoot. This assumes that you
have included the mod_proxy module in your server when it was built.
Now, when you access http://www.domain.com/programs/printenv it will
internally be passed through to your HTTPD running on port 8042 as the
URL http://localhost:8042/programs/printenv and the result relayed back
transparently. To the client, it all seems as if it is just one server
running. This can also be used on the dual-host version to hide the
second server from view if desired.
The directory structure assumes that /var/www/documents is the
"DocumentRoot" directory, and the the mod_perl programs are in
/var/www/programs and /var/www/rprograms. I start them as follows:
daemon httpd
daemon httpd -f conf/httpd+perl.conf
Thanks to Bowen Dwelle for this idea.
SQUID ACCELERATOR
Another approach to reducing the number of large HTTPD processes on one
machine is to use an accelerator such as Squid (which can be found at
http://squid.nlanr.net/Squid/ on the web) between the clients and your
large mod_perl HTTPD processes. The idea here is that squid will
handle the static objects from its cache while the HTTPD processes will
handle mostly just the mod_perl requests once the cache is primed.
This reduces the number of HTTPD processes and thus reduces the amount
of memory used.
To set this up, just install the current version of Squid (at this
writing, this is version 1.1.22) and use the RunAccel script to start
it. You will need to reconfigure your HTTPD to use an alternate port,
such as 8042, rather than its default port 80. To do this, you can
either change the httpd.conf line "Port" or add a "Listen" directive to
match the port specified in the squid.conf file. Your URLs do not need
to change. The benefit of using the "Listen" directive is that
redirected URLs will still use the default port 80 rather than your
alternate port, which might reveal your real server location to the
outside world and bypass the accelerator.
In the squid.conf file, you will probably want to add "programs" and
"perl" to the "cache_stoplist" parameter so that these are always
passed through to the HTTPD server under the assumption that they
always produce different results.
This is very similar to the two port, ProxyPass version above, but the
Squid cache may be more flexible to fine tune for dynamic documents
that do not change on every view. The Squid proxy server also seems to
be more stable and robust than the Apache 1.2.4 proxy module.
One drawback to using this accelerator is that the logfiles will always
report access from IP address 127.0.0.1, which is the local host
loopback address. Also, any access permissions or other user tracking
that requires the remote IP address will always see the local address.
The following code uses a feature of recent mod_perl versions (tested
with mod_perl 1.16 and Apache 1.3.3) to trick Apache into logging the
real client address and giving that information to mod_perl programs
for their purposes.
First, in your startup.perl file add the following code:
use Apache::Constants qw(OK);
sub My::SquidRemoteAddr ($) {
my $r = shift;
if (my ($ip) = $r->header_in('X-Forwarded-For') =~ /([^,\s]+)$/) {
$r->connection->remote_ip($ip);
}
return OK;
}
Next, add this to your httpd.conf file:
PerlPostReadRequestHandler My::SquidRemoteAddr
This will cause every request to have its "remote_ip" address
overridden by the value set in the "X-Forwarded-For" header added by
Squid. Note that if you have multiple proxies between the client and
the server, you want the IP address of the last machine before your
accelerator. This will be the right-most address in the X-Forwarded-
For header (assuming the other proxies append their addresses to this
same header, like Squid does.)
If you use apache with mod_proxy at your frontend, you can use Ask
Bjorn Hansen's mod_proxy_add_forward module from
ftp://ftp.netcetera.dk/pub/apache/ to make it insert the
"X-Forwarded-For" header.
SUMMARY
To gain maximal performance of mod_perl on a busy site, one must reduce
the amount of resources used by the HTTPD to fit within what the
machine has available. The best way to do this is to reduce memory
usage. If your mod_perl requests are fewer than your static page
requests, then splitting the servers into mod_perl and non-mod_perl
versions further allows you to tune the amount of resources used by
each type of request. Using the "ProxyPass" directive allows these
multiple servers to appear as one to the users. Using the Squid
accelerator also achieves this effect, but Squid takes care of deciding
when to acccess the large server automatically.
If all of your requests require processing by mod_perl, then the only
thing you can really do is throw a lot of memory on your machine and
try to tweak the perl code to be as small and lean as possible, and to
share the virtual memory pages by pre-loading the code.
AUTHOR
This document is written by Vivek Khera. If you need to contact me,
just send email to the mod_perl mailing list.
This document is copyright (c) 1997-1998 by Vivek Khera.
If you have contributions for this document, please post them to the
mailing list. Perl POD format is best, but plain text will do, too.
If you need assistance, contact the mod_perl mailing list at
modperl@perl.apache.org first (send 'subscribe' to
modperl-request@apache.org to subscribe). There are lots of people
there that can help. Also, check the web pages http://perl.apache.org/
and http://www.apache.org/ for explanations of the configuration
options.
$Revision: 177689 $ $Date: 2002-03-24 18:57:59 -0800 (Sun, 24 Mar 2002)
$
perl v5.8.8 2007-07-17 mod_perl_tuning(3)
Mac OS X 10.5 Server - Generated Mon Jun 16 18:36:24 CDT 2008