xpc_object(3) BSD Library Functions Manual xpc_object(3)
NAME
xpc_connection_create -- creation and management of XPC connections
SYNOPSIS
#include <xpc/xpc.h>
xpc_connection_t
xpc_connection_create(const char *name, dispatch_queue_t targetq);
xpc_connection_t
xpc_connection_create_mach_service(const char *name,
dispatch_queue_t targetq, uint64_t flags);
xpc_connection_t
xpc_connection_create_from_endpoint(xpc_endpoint_t endpoint);
void
xpc_connection_set_target_queue(xpc_connection_t connection,
dispatch_queue_t targetq);
void
xpc_connection_set_event_handler(xpc_connection_t connection,
xpc_handler_t handler);
void
xpc_connection_suspend(xpc_connection_t connection);
void
xpc_connection_resume(xpc_connection_t connection);
void
xpc_connection_send_message(xpc_connection_t connection,
xpc_object_t message);
void
xpc_connection_send_barrier(xpc_connection_t connection,
dispatch_block_t barrier);
void
xpc_connection_send_message_with_reply(xpc_connection_t connection,
xpc_object_t message, dispatch_queue_t targetq,
xpc_handler_t handler);
xpc_object_t
xpc_connection_send_message_with_reply_sync(xpc_connection_t connection,
xpc_object_t message);
void
xpc_connection_cancel(xpc_connection_t connection);
const char *
xpc_connection_get_name(xpc_connection_t connection);
uid_t
xpc_connection_get_euid(xpc_connection_t connection);
gid_t
xpc_connection_get_guid(xpc_connection_t connection);
pid_t
xpc_connection_get_pid(xpc_connection_t connection);
au_asid_t
xpc_connection_get_asid(xpc_connection_t connection);
void
xpc_connection_set_context(xpc_connection_t connection, void *ctx);
void *
xpc_connection_get_context(xpc_connection_t connection);
void
xpc_connection_set_finalizer_f(xpc_connection_t connection,
xpc_finalizer_t finalizer);
xpc_endpoint_t
xpc_endpoint_create(xpc_connection_t connection);
DESCRIPTION
Connections are the fundamental primitives for sending and receiving mes-
sages. Connections also inform the caller of certain non-message events
through errors.
Messages sent to a connection are sent in FIFO order, and message-send
operations over a connection are non-blocking. When a message is sent
over a connection, it is atomically enqueued on a queue which is managed
by the XPC runtime. As it becomes possible to successfully deliver mes-
sages to the remote end of the connection, messages will be dequeued from
the queue and delivered.
Connections may either be used to communicate with XPC services residing
within an application bundle or with a MachService advertised by a
launchd job in its launchd.plist(5). XPC connections maintain a one-to-
one relationship between the local and remote ends of the connection.
Therefore, for every connection created to a service, the remote end will
see a distinct peer connection object. This model is semantically similar
to the accept(3) model, whereby the server listens on a single file
descriptor, and that listening descriptor emits new file descriptors for
each connection that occurs.
EVENT HANDLERS
Each connection must have an event handler associated with it. The event
handler block takes one argument of type xpc_object_t. The event handler
block will deliver different types of objects depending on the nature of
the event.
The type of object can be queried using xpc_get_type(3). If the event
handler block delivers an object of type XPC_TYPE_DICTIONARY, the event
is a message that needs processing. If the event handler delivers an
object of type XPC_TYPE_ERROR, an error has occurred on the connection
that must be handled.
Regardless of the type of object passed to the event handler, the caller
will NOT implicitly gain a reference to the object. Therefore, if the
caller wishes to work with the object after the event handler has
returned, it should call xpc_retain(3) to keep a reference on the object
for itself from within the event handler. It is unsafe to retain the
object after the event handler has returned.
The event handler of a connection may be changed while the connection is
processing events using the xpc_connection_set_event_handler() API. Calls
to this API will not interrupt currently-executing invocations of the
connection's event handler. Once the currently-executing event handler
returns, the new event handler will take effect. If called from within
the event handler itself, the next invocation of the event handler will
honor the new one set.
TARGET QUEUES
Each connection has an associated target queue. All connection-related
activity will happen on an internal queue which is synchronized with the
target queue. Event handler invocations are included in connection-
related activity. The target queue may be changed while the connection is
processing events using the xpc_connection_set_target_queue() API. Set-
ting of the target queue on a connection is asynchronous, and the caller
should not assume that when this API returns, the new target queue is in
effect. The actual change will take place at a later time.
By default, all connections target the DISPATCH_TARGET_QUEUE_DEFAULT(3)
queue. This queue will be used if NULL is given as the targetq argument
to xpc_connection_set_target_queue(), xpc_connection_create() or
xpc_connection_create_mach_service()
Important: The result of calling dispatch_get_current_queue(3) from
within a connection's event handler is undefined and should not be con-
sidered reliable for attempting to avoid deadlocks.
LAUNCH-ON-DEMAND
When the caller obtains a connection to a named service, the fact that it
has a connection does not imply anything about whether the remote end is
alive and running. Connections are virtual, and if the remote end is not
yet running, the act of sending a message will cause it to launch on-
demand.
If the caller has a connection to a named service, then the remote
process closing the connection or crashing will deliver the
XPC_ERROR_CONNECTION_INTERRUPTED error to the event handler. This error
is recoverable, and after receiving it, the connection is still usable.
If the caller had previously sent state over the connection, this error
indicates that that state should be updated, if needed, and resent.
NOTE: Services work best when they are as stateless as possible. Even if
you write perfectly bug-free code, the libraries and frameworks your ser-
vice links against may have bugs that could crash the service. So a ser-
vice must be able to recover from such abnormal exits.
One strategy for implementing a robust and recoverable service is to have
each client of the service maintain state for the service. If the service
crashes, then each client will detect that condition and resend the
needed state to the service so that it can resume any interrupted opera-
tions.
PEERING
The local and remote ends of a connection have a one-to-one association.
So when a new connection to a service is created and has a message sent
over it, the service will receive a new connection in the event handler
it specified to xpc_main(3). If the service is a MachService advertised
by launchd(8), then the listener connection for the named service will
receive the new connection in its event handler.
Even if the same process creates multiple connections to the same ser-
vice, each connection will be distinct. The peer connection received by
the service will deliver XPC_ERROR_CONNECTION_INVALID to its event han-
dler when the connection has been closed. These peer connections cannot
be re-created by the XPC runtime, and therefore they will never deliver
the XPC_ERROR_CONNECTION_INTERRUPTED error to their event handlers.
SUSPEND AND RESUME
All connections are created in a suspended state. Therefore, they will
not begin processing messages or events until an initial call to
xpc_connection_resume(). Before making this first call to resume the
connection, the caller must set an event handler using
xpc_connection_set_event_handler(). Note that the initial resume does
not need to immediately follow setting the event handler. The caller is
free to delay the initial resume as long as it chooses.
Once a connection has been resumed, it may be suspended to halt the pro-
cessing of incoming events and outgoing messages. This behavior is useful
to rate-limit or throttle over-active clients who are sending too many
messages or to allow certain synchronization behaviors with the internal
state engine.
Each connection maintains a suspend count, so xpc_connection_suspend()
may be called multiple times on the same connection. The connection will
resume processing events when an equal number of calls to
xpc_connection_resume() have been performed on the connection, resetting
the suspend count to zero.
Important: All calls to xpc_connection_suspend() must be balanced by a
call to xpc_connection_resume() before the final reference on a connec-
tion is released. It is not valid to release the last reference on a sus-
pended connection.
Important: It is invalid to underflow the suspend count by calling
xpc_connection_resume() more times than xpc_connection_suspend() has been
called.
CONTEXT
Connections may have associated context that can be set and retrieved
using the xpc_connection_set_context() and xpc_connection_get_context()
APIs, respectively. When setting context on a connection, an optional
finalizer may be specified using xpc_connection_set_finalizer_f(). The
function given as the finalizer argument will be invoked just before the
connection's memory is being deallocated. For simple context structures
allocated through malloc(3), this provides a convenient shortcut. For
example:
struct my_context_s *ctx = malloc(sizeof(*ctx));
xpc_connection_set_context(connection, ctx);
xpc_connection_set_finalizer_f(connection, free);
Important: The connection object itself should not be referenced or modi-
fied in any way within the context of the finalizer.
MESSAGE SENDING
Messages are sent to the remote end of a connection with the
xpc_connection_send_message() API. This API will enqueue the message in a
FIFO queue which will be drained asynchronously by the XPC runtime. The
caller should not assume that, when this API returns, the message has
been delivered to the remote end. If the caller needs to know when the
message has been processed by the runtime, it should call the
xpc_connection_send_barrier() API directly after calling
xpc_connection_send_message(). The supplied barrier block will be
invoked by the connection when the runtime has finished processing the
message.
Execution Ordering
Send barriers are NOT immediately enqueued on the connection's target
queue and therefore has no guaranteed execution order with respect to
other blocks scheduled on that queue. The following code illustrates this
anti-pattern:
xpc_connection_set_target_queue(connection, queue);
static bool aboolean = false;
xpc_connection_send_barrier(connection, ^{
aboolean = true;
});
dispatch_async(queue, ^{
// Assertion will fail.
assert(aboolean == true);
});
To achieve the desired effect of deferring the second block's execution
until after the barrier has completed, the caller can use a dispatch
group (dispatch_group_create(3)) as follows:
xpc_connection_set_target_queue(connection, queue);
static bool aboolean = false;
dispatch_group_t group = dispatch_group_create();
dispatch_group_enter(group)
xpc_connection_send_barrier(connection, ^{
aboolean = true;
dispatch_group_leave(group);
});
dispatch_group_notify(group, queue, ^{
assert(aboolean == true);
});
Alternatively, the caller can also dispatch_async(3) the second block
from within the barrier block.
Important: The caller should not assume that the remote end of the con-
nection has received the message when a barrier is invoked. Even though
the message has been delivered to the remote end, the remote end may not
have yet been scheduled for execution or may have suspended its end of
the connection. The only way for the sender to know whether the remote
end has received the message is to specify in its message protocol that
the remote end must send a message back to the sender acknowledging
receipt of the message.
REPLY MESSAGES
By default, all messages sent to a connection will result in an invoca-
tion of the remote end's connection's event handler with that message as
the argument. If the caller wishes to tie the invocation of a particular
block to a reply to a particular message, however, it may use the
xpc_connection_send_message_with_reply() API. Like
xpc_connection_send_message(), this API will return immediately and, when
the remote end sends a reply back, the supplied handler block will be
submitted to the supplied targetq instead of causing the connection's
event handler to be invoked. The reply handler block may deliver an error
to the caller, which indicates that the remote end will never send a
reply.
xpc_dictionary_create_reply(3) and sending it to its peer connection as
it normally would. The caller must, in turn, specify in the message
itself whether it expects a reply to be delivered.
CLIENT SIDE
xpc_connection_send_message_with_reply(connection, message, replyq, ^(xpc_object_t reply) {
if (xpc_get_type(reply) == XPC_TYPE_DICTIONARY) {
// Process reply message that is specific to the message sent.
} else {
// There was an error, indicating that the caller will never receive
// a reply to this message. Tear down any associated data structures.
}
});
SERVICE SIDE
void
handle_message(xpc_object_t message)
{
if (xpc_dictionary_get_bool(message, "ExpectsReply")) {
// Sender has set the protocol-defined "ExpectsReply" key, and therefore
// it expects the reply to be delivered specially.
xpc_object_t reply = xpc_dictionary_create_reply(message);
// Populate 'reply' as a normal dictionary.
// This is the connection from which the message originated.
xpc_connection_t remote = xpc_dictionary_get_remote_connection(message);
xpc_connection_send_message(remote, reply);
xpc_release(reply);
} else {
// The sender does not expect any kind of special reply.
}
}
Important: The invocations of reply handlers are independent of the con-
nection's normal incoming message stream. Therefore, reply messages are
delivered to the recipient independently of the connection's normal FIFO
semantics.
SYNCHRONOUS OPERATION
If the caller needs to block execution until a reply to a message is
received, it should use the xpc_connection_send_message_with_reply_sync()
API. This result of this API will be the reply sent by the server. Like
the handler given to xpc_connection_send_message_with_reply(), this API
may return errors indicating that the remote end of the connection will
never deliver a reply.
Important: This API is primarily intended for allowing existing synchro-
nous API to be re- implemented in terms of XPC. But in cases where the
you are designing a new API that calls out to a service to retrieve a
value, we strongly encourage you to have the API return the value asyn-
chronously using a queue/block pair rather than blocking the caller until
the service returns the requested value:
void
retrieve_uint64(dispatch_queue_t q, void (^handler)(uint64_t value))
{
xpc_object_t message = xpc_dictionary_create(NULL, NULL, 0);
xpc_dictionary_set_string(message, "RetrieveValue", "uint64");
// 'connection' is a previously-created singleton.
xpc_connection_send_message_with_reply(connection, message, q, ^(xpc_object_t reply) {
if (xpc_get_type(reply) == XPC_TYPE_DICTIONARY) {
uint64_t value = xpc_dictionary_get_uint64(reply, "Value");
// 'reply' is captured by this block and copied to the heap. It will
// be released when this block is disposed of.
handler(value);
} else {
// Invoke 'reply' with a value indicating that there was an error.
}
xpc_release(message);
});
}
However, such a scheme may introduce unwanted complexity in the API. The
trade- off for making the example implementation above synchronous
involves factors such as where the data for the response comes from and
how likely it is that the API will be called on the main thread.
If the response will be constructed with data that exists in-memory in
the server, it is usually safe to make the API synchronous. But if con-
structing the response requires I/O, and it is likely to be called from
the main thread (or a thread which synchronizes with the main thread), we
highly encourage that you take the asynchronous route to avoid the risk
of blocking the UI.
CREDENTIALS
Identifying information about the sending processs can be obtained from a
connection. Available credential information includes the sending process
identifer (PID), effective user identifier (EUID), effective group iden-
tifier (EGID) and audit session identifier (ASID). These values can be
obtained with the functions xpc_connection_get_pid(),
xpc_connection_get_euid(), xpc_connection_get_egid() and
xpc_connection_get_asid() respectively.
Credentials for a connection may not be immediately available. For exam-
ple, when creating a new connection with xpc_connection_create(), XPC
will not know the credentials of the remote end of the connection until
it has actually exchanged messages with it. Until this credential infor-
mation is filled in, these methods will return sensible values to indi-
cate absence of crucial information. xpc_connection_get_pid() will
return 0, xpc_connection_get_euid() and xpc_connection_get_egid() will
return -1 and xpc_connection_get_asid() will return AU_ASSIGN_ASID (see
setaudit_addr(2)).
For peer connections received through a listener's event handler or
through the handler given to xpc_main(3), credentials will be immediately
available.
Connection credentials have similar semantics to file descriptor creden-
tials. That is, the credentials that the connection was created with are
"baked in" to it and do not change as a result of calls to setuid(3) and
friends. Use of these APIs is heavily discouraged in IPC protocols due to
the inherently racy nature of credential checking.
Important: PIDs on OS X roll over when they reach a relatively small
value, and a given PID cannot be assumed to be unique for a given boot
session. For services bundled with an application, this is not a practi-
cal concern because the application is the only process capable of look-
ing up its services. But MachServices advertised through launchd have a
much higher visibility, so extra care should be taken when checking cre-
dentials to mitigate fork(2) bomb-style attacks.
CANCELLATION
A connection may be canceled when it is no longer needed. Once canceled,
a connection will receive the XPC_ERROR_CONNECTION_INVALID error in its
event handler, and no further events will be delivered. Cancellation
does not affect the reference count of the connection, so if you hold
references to the connection, they must still be released in order for
all of the connection's associated resources to be freed.
Note that, if a connection receives XPC_ERROR_CONNECTION_INVALID in its
event handler due to other circumstances, it is already in a canceled
state, and therefore a call to xpc_connection_cancel() is unnecessary
(but harmless) in this case.
Canceling a connection on one side has effects on the other side of a
connection. For example, if you cancel a connection received through a
listener connection's event handler, the remote peer connection will
receive XPC_ERROR_CONNECTION_INTERRUPTED in its event handler. Even
though the connection was canceled, the remote end is still able to send
messages to the connection.
If, on the other hand, the creator of a named connection cancels the con-
nection, the peer connection given to the remote end through a listener
connection will receive XPC_ERROR_CONNECTION_INVALID in its event han-
dler.
Important: As discussed previously, some connections (such as named con-
nections created through xpc_connection_create()) will not receive
XPC_ERROR_CONNECTION_INVALID in the normal course of their operation. But
if another part of your code can end up calling xpc_connection_cancel(),
then the connection's event handler must handle this error.
BUNDLED SERVICES
Applications may include XPC service bundles in their own bundle. When
the application is run, the XPC runtime automatically recognizes each
bundled service and makes it accessible to the application through the
xpc_connection_create() API. To connect to a bundled service, the caller
must pass the CFBundleIdentifier specified in the service's Info.plist as
the name argument. The service itself will call xpc_main(3) to initialize
its runtime, and the provided event handler function will be invoked with
any incoming connections.
Services bundled with an application are only accessible to that applica-
tion. An external process cannot connect to those services.
MACH SERVICES
If a caller wishes to connect to a MachService advertised in a
launchd.plist(5), it should pass the MachService name to which is wishes
to connect to xpc_connection_create_mach_service(). If the destination
service is advertised in the root Mach bootstrap (i.e. the
launchd.plist(5) lives in /Library/LaunchDaemons), the caller may ensure
that the service that it connects to is privileged and not being spoofed
through a man-in-the-middle attack by OR'ing the
XPC_CONNECTION_MACH_SERVICE_PRIVILEGED flag into the flags argument. This
flag will cause XPC_ERROR_CONNECTION_INVALID to be given to the event
handler if the service name was not found in the root Mach bootstrap. If
the launchd.plist(5) lives in /Library/LaunchAgents or ~/Library/LaunchA-
gents, then this flag should not be passed.
The launchd job using XPC is required to create a listener connection
manually by calling xpc_connection_create_mach_service() with the
XPC_CONNECTION_MACH_SERVICE_LISTENER flag OR'ed into the flags argument.
The XPC_CONNECTION_MACH_SERVICE_PRIVILEGED flag has no effect on these
connections. If the service name for the connection is not present in
your launchd.plist's MachServices dictionary, your listener connection's
event handler will receive the XPC_ERROR_CONNECTION_INVALID error, as XPC
disallows ad-hoc service name registrations. However, assuming your con-
figuration is correct, the listener connection will only ever deliver new
peer connections to its event handler. The connections received by the
event handler must have an event hander set on them and resumed along
with an optional target queue, just like the peer connections delivered
to the handler given to xpc_main(3). Note connections received through
listener connection's event handler do not inherit the target queue of
the listener.
int
main(void)
{
xpc_connection_t listener = xpc_connection_create_mach_service("com.apple.myservice", NULL, XPC_CONNECTION_MACH_SERVICE_LISTENER);
xpc_connection_set_event_handler(listener, ^(xpc_object_t peer) {
// It is safe to cast 'peer' to xpc_connection_t assuming
// we have a correct configuration in our launchd.plist.
xpc_connection_set_event_handler(peer, ^(xpc_object_t event) {
// Handle event, whether it is a message or an error.
});
xpc_connection_resume(peer);
});
xpc_connection_resume(listener);
dispatch_main();
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
Important: New service names may NOT be dynamically registered using
xpc_connection_create_mach_service(). Only launchd jobs may listen on
certain service names, and any service name that the job wishes to listen
on must be declared in its launchd.plist(5). XPC may make allowances for
dynamic name registration in debug scenarios, but these allowances abso-
lutely will NOT be made in the production scenario.
UNLOADING
An XPC connection to a MachService advertised by a launchd job will
receive the XPC_ERROR_CONNECTION_INVALID error if the job is unloaded.
There will be no indication of when the job has been loaded again. Using
job loading and unloading as a normal part of your job's operation is
highly discouraged.
ANONYMOUS CONNECTIONS
If a caller wishes to create a listener connection that is not bound to a
particular service name, it may create an anonymous listener connection
by calling xpc_connection_create() and passing NULL as the name. This
connection may be given to xpc_endpoint_create(3), and the result may be
embedded in a message. The recipient of that message will then be able to
create a connection from that endpoint using
xpc_connection_create_from_endpoint().
The resulting connection will behave like a connection to a named service
created using xpc_connection_create(). The fundamental difference is
that an anonymous connection is not backed a name that can be looked up.
Therefore, if an connection created from an endpoint is closed, there is
no guarantee that it can be re-established. So anonymous connections'
event handlers must always handle both the
XPC_ERROR_CONNECTION_INTERRUPTED and XPC_ERROR_CONNECTION_INVALID errors.
The endpoint type may be thought of as a boxed connection, in the same
way that the uint64 type is a boxed uint64_t. Like other types, the col-
lection APIs provide primitive setters and getters for connections, so
instead of first boxing a connection in an endpoint, the
xpc_dictionary_set_connection(3), xpc_dictionary_create_connection(3),
xpc_array_set_connection(3), and xpc_array_create_connection(3) APIs may
be used.
SEE ALSO
xpc(3), xpc_main(3), xpc_object(3), xpc_dictionary_create(3),
xpc_objects(3), setaudit_addr(2), dispatch_group_create(3)
Darwin 20 June, 2012 Darwin
Mac OS X 10.9.1 - Generated Thu Jan 9 20:34:11 CST 2014