dump(8) BSD System Manager's Manual dump(8)
NAME
dump, rdump -- filesystem backup
ALERT
UFS SUPPORT IS IN THE PROCESS OF BEING DEPRECATED. This copy of dump is
supplied only for completeness and is expected to have deficiencies. It
will likely disappear in the future.
SYNOPSIS
dump [-0123456789cnu] [-B records] [-b blocksize] [-d density] [-f file]
[-h level] [-s feet] [-T date] filesystem
dump -W | -w
rdump is an alternate name for dump.
(The 4.3BSD option syntax is implemented for backward compatibility, but
is not documented here.)
DESCRIPTION
The dump command examines files on a filesystem and determines which
files need to be backed up. These files are copied to the given disk,
tape or other storage medium for safe keeping (see the -f option below
for doing remote backups). A dump that is larger than the output medium
is broken into multiple volumes. On most media the size is determined by
writing until an end-of-media indication is returned. On media that can-
not reliably return an end-of-media indication (such as some cartridge
tape drives) each volume is of a fixed size; the actual size is deter-
mined by the tape size and density and/or block count options below. By
default, the same output file name is used for each volume after prompt-
ing the operator to change media.
The following options are supported by dump:
-0-9 Dump levels. A level 0, full backup, guarantees the entire file
system is copied (but see also the -h option below). A level
number above 0, incremental backup, tells dump to copy all files
new or modified since the last dump of the same or lower level.
The default level is 9.
-B records
The number of dump records per volume. This option overrides the
calculation of tape size based on length and density.
-b blocksize
The number of kilobytes per dump record.
-c Modify the calculation of the default density and tape size to be
more appropriate for cartridge tapes.
-d density
Set tape density to density. The default is 1600BPI.
-f file
Write the backup to file; file may be a special device file like
/dev/rmt12 (a tape drive), /dev/rdisk1s3 (a disk drive), an ordi-
nary file, or `-' (the standard output). Multiple file names may
be given as a single argument separated by commas. Each file
will be used for one dump volume in the order listed; if the dump
requires more volumes than the number of names given, the last
file name will used for all remaining volumes after prompting for
media changes. If the name of the file is of the form
``host:file'', or ``user@host:file'', dump writes to the named
file on the remote host using rmt(8).
-h level
Honor the user ``nodump'' flag only for dumps at or above the
given level. The default honor level is 1, so that incremental
backups omit such files but full backups retain them.
-n Whenever dump requires operator attention, notify all operators
in the group ``operator'' by means similar to a wall(1).
-s feet
Attempt to calculate the amount of tape needed at a particular
density. If this amount is exceeded, dump prompts for a new
tape. It is recommended to be a bit conservative on this option.
The default tape length is 2300 feet.
-T date
Use the specified date as the starting time for the dump instead
of the time determined from looking in /etc/dumpdates. The for-
mat of date is the same as that of ctime(3). This option is use-
ful for automated dump scripts that wish to dump over a specific
period of time. The -T option is mutually exclusive from the -u
option.
-u Update the file /etc/dumpdates after a successful dump. The for-
mat of /etc/dumpdates is readable by people, consisting of one
free format record per line: filesystem name, increment level and
ctime(3) format dump date. There may be only one entry per
filesystem at each level. The file /etc/dumpdates may be edited
to change any of the fields, if necessary.
-W Dump tells the operator what file systems need to be dumped.
This information is gleaned from the files /etc/dumpdates and
/etc/fstab. The -W option causes dump to print out, for each
file system in /etc/dumpdates the most recent dump date and
level, and highlights those file systems that should be dumped.
If the -W option is set, all other options are ignored, and dump
exits immediately.
-w Is like W, but prints only those filesystems which need to be
dumped.
Dump requires operator intervention on these conditions: end of tape, end
of dump, tape write error, tape open error or disk read error (if there
are more than a threshold of 32). In addition to alerting all operators
implied by the -n key, dump interacts with the operator on dump's control
terminal at times when dump can no longer proceed, or if something is
grossly wrong. All questions dump poses must be answered by typing
``yes'' or ``no'', appropriately.
Since making a dump involves a lot of time and effort for full dumps,
dump checkpoints itself at the start of each tape volume. If writing
that volume fails for some reason, dump will, with operator permission,
restart itself from the checkpoint after the old tape has been rewound
and removed, and a new tape has been mounted.
Dump tells the operator what is going on at periodic intervals, including
usually low estimates of the number of blocks to write, the number of
tapes it will take, the time to completion, and the time to the tape
change. The output is verbose, so that others know that the terminal
controlling dump is busy, and will be for some time.
In the event of a catastrophic disk event, the time required to restore
all the necessary backup tapes or files to disk can be kept to a minimum
by staggering the incremental dumps. An efficient method of staggering
incremental dumps to minimize the number of tapes follows:
o Always start with a level 0 backup, for example:
/sbin/dump -0u -f /dev/nrst1 /usr/src
This should be done at set intervals, say once a month or once
every two months, and on a set of fresh tapes that is saved
forever.
o After a level 0, dumps of active file systems are taken on a
daily basis, using a modified Tower of Hanoi algorithm, with
this sequence of dump levels:
3 2 5 4 7 6 9 8 9 9 ...
For the daily dumps, it should be possible to use a fixed num-
ber of tapes for each day, used on a weekly basis. Each week,
a level 1 dump is taken, and the daily Hanoi sequence repeats
beginning with 3. For weekly dumps, another fixed set of tapes
per dumped file system is used, also on a cyclical basis.
After several months or so, the daily and weekly tapes should get rotated
out of the dump cycle and fresh tapes brought in.
FILES
/dev/rmt8 default tape unit to dump to
/etc/dumpdates dump date records
/etc/fstab dump table: file systems and frequency
/etc/group to find group operator
SEE ALSO
restore(8), rmt(8), dump(5), fstab(5)
DIAGNOSTICS
Many, and verbose.
Dump exits with zero status on success. Startup errors are indicated
with an exit code of 1; abnormal termination is indicated with an exit
code of 3.
BUGS
Fewer than 32 read errors on the filesystem are ignored.
Each reel requires a new process, so parent processes for reels already
written just hang around until the entire tape is written.
Dump with the -W or -w options does not report filesystems that have
never been recorded in /etc/dumpdates, even if listed in /etc/fstab.
It would be nice if dump knew about the dump sequence, kept track of the
tapes scribbled on, told the operator which tape to mount when, and pro-
vided more assistance for the operator running restore.
HISTORY
A dump command appeared in Version 6 AT&T UNIX.
4th Berkeley Distribution May 1, 1995 4th Berkeley Distribution
Mac OS X 10.6 - Generated Thu Sep 17 20:25:51 CDT 2009