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zpool(8)                  BSD System Manager's Manual                 zpool(8)




NAME

       zpool - configures ZFS storage pools


SYNOPSIS

       zpool [-?]


       zpool create [-fn] [-R root] [-m mountpoint] pool vdev ...


       zpool destroy [-f] pool


       zpool add [-fn] pool vdev


       zpool remove pool vdev


       zpool  list [-H] [-o field[,field]*] [pool] ...


       zpool iostat [-v] [pool] ... [interval [count]]


       zpool status [-xv] [pool] ...


       zpool offline [-t] pool device ...


       zpool online pool device ...


       zpool clear pool [device] ...


       zpool attach [-f] pool device new_device


       zpool detach pool device


       zpool replace [-f] pool device [new_device]


       zpool scrub [-s] pool ...


       zpool export [-f] pool


       zpool import [-d dir] [-D]


       zpool import [-d dir] [-D] [-f] [-o opts] [-R root] pool | id
           [newpool]


       zpool import [-d dir] [-D] [-f] [-a]


       zpool upgrade


       zpool upgrade -v


       zpool upgrade [-a | pool]


       zpool history [pool] ...



DESCRIPTION

       The  zpool  command  configures  ZFS storage pools. A storage pool is a
       collection of devices that provides physical storage and data  replica-
       tion for ZFS datasets.

       All datasets within a storage pool share the same space. See zfs(8) for
       information on managing datasets.

   ZFS Read-only Implementation
       ZFS on OSX is implemented as a readonly filesystem  by  default.   This
       means  that  only  the ZFS subcommands that do non write operations are
       permitted. Permitted subcommands  are  list,  iostat,  status,  online,
       offline, scrub, import, and history.

       A full ZFS implementation that allows all subcommands and is read/write
       is available for download at http://developer.apple.com/.

       To determine which version of ZFS is loaded(readonly or writable):

         # kextstat | grep zfs

       com.apple.filesystems.zfs.readonly  is  the  readonly   kext   version.
       com.apple.filesystems.zfs is the writable kext version.


   Virtual Devices (vdevs)
       A "virtual device" describes a single device or a collection of devices
       organized according to certain performance and  fault  characteristics.
       The following virtual devices are supported:

       disk      A  block  device, typically located under "/dev". ZFS can use
                 individual slices or partitions, though the recommended  mode
                 of  operation  is to use whole disks. A disk can be specified
                 by a full path, or it can be a shorthand name  (the  relative
                 portion of the path under "/dev"). A whole disk can be speci-
                 fied by omitting the  slice  or  partition  designation.  For
                 example,  "disk1s2"  is  equivalent  to  "/dev/disk1s2". When
                 given a whole disk, ZFS automatically  labels  the  disk,  if
                 necessary.


       file      A  regular  file.  The  use  of  files  as a backing store is
                 strongly discouraged. It is designed primarily for experimen-
                 tal  purposes,  as  the  fault tolerance of a file is only as
                 good as the file system of which it is a part. A file must be
                 specified by a full path.


       mirror    A  mirror  of  two  or more devices. Data is replicated in an
                 identical fashion across all components of a mirror. A mirror
                 with  N  disks  of  size X can hold X bytes and can withstand
                 (N-1) devices failing before data integrity is compromised.


       raidz     A variation on RAID-5 that allows for better distribution  of
       raidz1    parity  and eliminates the "RAID-5 write hole" (in which data
       raidz2    and parity become inconsistent after a power loss). Data  and
                 parity is striped across all disks within a raidz group.

                 A raidz group can have either single- or double-parity, mean-
                 ing that the raidz group can  sustain  one  or  two  failures
                 respectively  without  losing  any data. The raidz1 vdev type
                 specifies a single-parity raidz group  and  the  raidz2  vdev
                 type  specifies  a  double-parity raidz group. The raidz vdev
                 type is an alias for raidz1.

                 A raidz group with N disks of size X with P parity disks  can
                 hold approximately (N-P)*X bytes and can withstand one device
                 failing before data integrity  is  compromised.  The  minimum
                 number  of devices in a raidz group is one more than the num-
                 ber of parity disks. The recommended number is between 3  and
                 9.


       spare     A  special  pseudo-vdev  which  keeps  track of available hot
                 spares for a pool. For more information, see the "Hot Spares"
                 section.


       Virtual  devices  cannot be nested, so a mirror or raidz virtual device
       can only contain files or disks. Mirrors of mirrors (or other  combina-
       tions) are not allowed.

       A pool can have any number of virtual devices at the top of the config-
       uration (known as "root vdevs"). Data is dynamically distributed across
       all  top-level  devices  to  balance data among devices. As new virtual
       devices are added, ZFS automatically places data on the newly available
       devices.

       Virtual  devices are specified one at a time on the command line, sepa-
       rated by whitespace. The keywords "mirror" and "raidz" are used to dis-
       tinguish  where  a group ends and another begins. For example, the fol-
       lowing creates two root vdevs, each a mirror of two disks:

         # zpool create mypool mirror disk1s1 disk0s1 mirror disk1s2 disk0s2



   Device Failure and Recovery
       ZFS supports a rich set of mechanisms for handling device  failure  and
       data corruption. All metadata and data is checksummed, and ZFS automat-
       ically repairs bad data from a good copy when corruption is detected.

       In order to take advantage of these features, a pool must make  use  of
       some  form  of redundancy, using either mirrored or raidz groups. While
       ZFS supports running in a non-redundant configuration, where each  root
       vdev  is  simply a disk or file, this is strongly discouraged. A single
       case of bit corruption can render some or all of your data unavailable.

       A  pool's  health  status  is described by one of three states: online,
       degraded, or faulted. An online pool has  all  devices  operating  nor-
       mally. A degraded pool is one in which one or more devices have failed,
       but the data is still available due to  a  redundant  configuration.  A
       faulted  pool has one or more failed devices, and there is insufficient
       redundancy to replicate the missing data.

   Hot Spares
       ZFS allows devices to be associated with pools as "hot  spares".  These
       devices  are  not  actively used in the pool, but when an active device
       fails, it is automatically replaced by a hot spare. To  create  a  pool
       with hot spares, specify a "spare" vdev with any number of devices. For
       example,

         # zpool create pool mirror disk0 disk1 spare disk2 disk3



       Spares can be shared across multiple pools, and can be added  with  the
       "zpool add" command and removed with the "zpool remove" command. Once a
       spare replacement is initiated, a new "spare" vdev  is  created  within
       the  configuration  that will remain there until the original device is
       replaced. At this point, the  hot  spare  becomes  available  again  if
       another device fails.

       An  in-progress spare replacement can be cancelled by detaching the hot
       spare. If the original faulted device is detached, then the  hot  spare
       assumes  its  place in the configuration, and is removed from the spare
       list of all active pools.

   Alternate Root Pools
       The "zpool create -R" and "zpool import -R"  commands  allow  users  to
       create  and import a pool with a different root path. By default, when-
       ever a pool is created or imported on a system, it is permanently added
       so that it is available whenever the system boots. For removable media,
       or when in recovery situations, this may not always  be  desirable.  An
       alternate  root pool does not persist on the system. Instead, it exists
       only until exported or the system is rebooted, at which point  it  will
       have to be imported again.

       In  addition,  all mount points in the pool are prefixed with the given
       root, so a pool can be constrained to a particular  area  of  the  file
       system. This is most useful when importing unknown pools from removable
       media, as the mount points of any file systems cannot be trusted.

       When creating an alternate root pool, the default mount point  is  "/",
       rather than the normal default "/Volumes/pool".

   Subcommands
       All  subcommands  that modify state are logged persistently to the pool
       in their original form.

       The zpool command provides subcommands to create  and  destroy  storage
       pools, add capacity to storage pools, and provide information about the
       storage pools. The following subcommands are supported:

       zpool -?

           Displays a help message.


       zpool create [-fn] [-R root] [-m mountpoint] pool vdev ...

           Creates a new storage pool containing the virtual devices specified
           on  the  command  line. The pool name must begin with a letter, and
           can only contain alphanumeric  characters  as  well  as  underscore
           ("_"),  dash  ("-"),  and  period  (".").  The pool names "mirror",
           "raidz", and "spare" are reserved, as are names beginning with  the
           pattern  "c[0-9]". The vdev specification is described in the "Vir-
           tual Devices" section.

           The command verifies that each device specified is  accessible  and
           not  currently  in  use  by another subsystem. There are some uses,
           such as being currently mounted, or specified as the dedicated dump
           device,  that  prevents a device from ever being used by ZFS. Other
           uses, such as having a preexisting HFS file system, can be overrid-
           den with the -f option.

           The  command also checks that the replication strategy for the pool
           is consistent. An attempt to combine  redundant  and  non-redundant
           storage  in a single pool, or to mix disks and files, results in an
           error unless -f is specified. The use of differently sized  devices
           within  a  single raidz or mirror group is also flagged as an error
           unless -f is specified.

           Unless the -R option is  specified,  the  default  mount  point  is
           "/Volumes/pool".  The  mount point must not exist or must be empty,
           or else the root dataset cannot be mounted. This can be  overridden
           with the -m option.

           -f               Forces use of vdevs, even if they appear in use or
                            specify a conflicting replication level.  Not  all
                            devices can be overridden in this manner.


           -n               Displays  the  configuration  that  would  be used
                            without actually creating  the  pool.  The  actual
                            pool  creation  can still fail due to insufficient
                            privileges or device sharing.


           -R root          Creates the pool with an alternate root.  See  the
                            "Alternate  Root  Pools" section. The root dataset
                            has its mount point set to "/"  as  part  of  this
                            operation.


           -m mountpoint    Sets  the  mount  point  for the root dataset. The
                            default mount point is "/Volumes/pool". The  mount
                            point  must  be  an  absolute  path,  "legacy", or
                            "none". For  more  information  on  dataset  mount
                            points, see zfs(8).



       zpool destroy [-f] pool

           Destroys the given pool, freeing up any devices for other use. This
           command tries to unmount any active datasets before destroying  the
           pool.

           -f    Forces  any  active  datasets contained within the pool to be
                 unmounted.



       zpool add [-fn] pool vdev ...

           Adds the specified virtual devices to  the  given  pool.  The  vdev
           specification  is  described  in the "Virtual Devices" section. The
           behavior of the -f option, and  the  device  checks  performed  are
           described in the "zpool create" subcommand.

           -f    Forces  use of vdevs, even if they appear in use or specify a
                 conflicting replication level. Not all devices can  be  over-
                 ridden in this manner.


           -n    Displays  the  configuration that would be used without actu-
                 ally adding the vdevs. The actual  pool  creation  can  still
                 fail due to insufficient privileges or device sharing.

           Do  not  add a disk that is currently configured as a quorum device
           to a zpool. Once a disk is in a zpool, that disk can then  be  con-
           figured as a quorum device.


       zpool remove pool vdev

           Removes  the  given vdev from the pool. This command currently only
           supports removing hot spares. Devices which are part  of  a  mirror
           can  be  removed  using  the "zpool detach" command. Raidz and top-
           level vdevs cannot be removed from a pool.


       zpool list [-H] [-o field[,field*]] [pool] ...

           Lists the given pools along with a health status and  space  usage.
           When given no arguments, all pools in the system are listed.

           -H          Scripted  mode.  Do  not  display headers, and separate
                       fields by a single tab instead of arbitrary space.


           -o field    Comma-separated list of fields to display.  Each  field
                       must be one of:

                         name            Pool name
                         size            Total size
                         used            Amount of space used
                         available       Amount of space available
                         capacity        Percentage of pool space used
                         health          Health status


                       The default is all fields.

           This command reports actual physical space available to the storage
           pool. The physical space can be different from the total amount  of
           space  that  any contained datasets can actually use. The amount of
           space used in a raidz configuration depends on the  characteristics
           of the data being written. In addition, ZFS reserves some space for
           internal accounting that the zfs(8) command takes into account, but
           the  zpool  command  does  not.  For non-full pools of a reasonable
           size, these effects should be invisible. For small pools, or  pools
           that  are  close  to being completely full, these discrepancies may
           become more noticeable.


       zpool iostat [-v] [pool] ... [interval [count]]

           Displays I/O statistics for the given pools. When given  an  inter-
           val, the statistics are printed every interval seconds until Ctrl-C
           is pressed. If no pools are specified, statistics for every pool in
           the system is shown. If count is specified, the command exits after
           count reports are printed.

           -v    Verbose statistics. Reports usage statistics  for  individual
                 vdevs  within  the pool, in addition to the pool-wide statis-
                 tics.



       zpool status [-xv] [pool] ...

           Displays the detailed health status for the given pools. If no pool
           is  specified,  then  the status of each pool in the system is dis-
           played.

           If a scrub or resilver is in progress,  this  command  reports  the
           percentage done and the estimated time to completion. Both of these
           are only approximate, because the amount of data in  the  pool  and
           the other workloads on the system can change.

           -x    Only  display  status for pools that are exhibiting errors or
                 are otherwise unavailable.


           -v    Displays verbose data error information, printing out a  com-
                 plete  list  of  all data errors since the last complete pool
                 scrub.



       zpool offline [-t] pool device ...

           Takes the specified physical device offline. While  the  device  is
           offline, no attempt is made to read or write to the device.

           This command is not applicable to spares.

           -t    Temporary. Upon reboot, the specified physical device reverts
                 to its previous state.



       zpool online pool device ...

           Brings the specified physical device online.

           This command is not applicable to spares.


       zpool clear pool [device] ...

           Clears device errors in a pool. If no arguments are specified,  all
           device  errors  within the pool are cleared. If one or more devices
           is specified, only  those  errors  associated  with  the  specified
           device or devices are cleared.


       zpool attach [-f] pool device new_device

           Attaches  new_device  to  an  existing  zpool  device. The existing
           device cannot be part of a raidz configuration. If  device  is  not
           currently  part  of  a mirrored configuration, device automatically
           transforms into a two-way  mirror  of  device  and  new_device.  If
           device  is part of a two-way mirror, attaching new_device creates a
           three-way mirror, and so on. In either case, new_device  begins  to
           resilver immediately.

           -f    Forces  use  of new_device, even if its appears to be in use.
                 Not all devices can be overridden in this manner.



       zpool detach pool device

           Detaches device from a mirror. The operation is  refused  if  there
           are no other valid replicas of the data.


       zpool replace [-f] pool old_device [new_device]

           Replaces  old_device with new_device. This is equivalent to attach-
           ing new_device, waiting for it  to  resilver,  and  then  detaching
           old_device.

           The size of new_device must be greater than or equal to the minimum
           size of all the devices in a mirror or raidz configuration.

           If new_device is not specified, it  defaults  to  old_device.  This
           form of replacement is useful after an existing disk has failed and
           has been physically replaced. In this case, the new disk  may  have
           the  same /dev path as the old device, even though it is actually a
           different disk. ZFS recognizes this.

           -f    Forces use of new_device, even if its appears to be  in  use.
                 Not all devices can be overridden in this manner.



       zpool scrub [-s] pool ...

           Begins  a scrub. The scrub examines all data in the specified pools
           to verify that it checksums correctly. For  replicated  (mirror  or
           raidz)  devices,  ZFS  automatically  repairs any damage discovered
           during the scrub. The "zpool status" command reports  the  progress
           of  the  scrub and summarizes the results of the scrub upon comple-
           tion.

           Scrubbing and resilvering are very similar operations. The  differ-
           ence  is  that  resilvering only examines data that ZFS knows to be
           out of date (for example, when attaching a new device to  a  mirror
           or  replacing  an  existing device), whereas scrubbing examines all
           data to discover silent errors due to hardware faults or disk fail-
           ure.

           Because scrubbing and resilvering are I/O-intensive operations, ZFS
           only allows one at a time. If a scrub is already in  progress,  the
           "zpool  scrub"  command  terminates it and starts a new scrub. If a
           resilver is in progress, ZFS does not allow a scrub to  be  started
           until the resilver completes.

           -s    Stop scrubbing.



       zpool export [-f] pool ...

           Exports  the given pools from the system. All devices are marked as
           exported, but are still considered in use by other subsystems.  The
           devices can be moved between systems (even those of different endi-
           anness) and imported as long as a sufficient number of devices  are
           present.

           Before  exporting  the  pool,  all  datasets  within  the  pool are
           unmounted.

           For pools to be portable, you must give  the  zpool  command  whole
           disks, not just slices, so that ZFS can label the disks with porta-
           ble EFI labels. Otherwise, disk drivers on platforms  of  different
           endianness will not recognize the disks.

           -f    Forcefully  unmount all datasets, using the "unmount -f" com-
                 mand.



       zpool import [-d dir] [-D]

           Lists pools available to import. If the -d option is not specified,
           this command searches for devices in "/dev" with the prefix "disk".
           The -d option can be specified multiple times, and all  directories
           are searched. If the device appears to be part of an exported pool,
           this command displays a summary of the pool with the  name  of  the
           pool,  a numeric identifier, as well as the vdev layout and current
           health of the device for each  device  or  file.  Destroyed  pools,
           pools that were previously destroyed with the "-zpool destroy" com-
           mand, are not listed unless the -D option is specified.

           The numeric identifier is unique, and can be used  instead  of  the
           pool  name when multiple exported pools of the same name are avail-
           able.

           -d dir    Searches for devices or files in dir. The -d  option  can
                     be specified multiple times.


           -D        Lists destroyed pools only.



       zpool import [-d dir] [-D] [-f] [-o opts] [-R root] pool | id [newpool]

           Imports a specific pool. A pool can be identified by  its  name  or
           the  numeric  identifier.  If  newpool  is  specified,  the pool is
           imported using the name newpool. Otherwise, it is imported with the
           same name as its exported name.

           If a device is removed from a system without running "zpool export"
           first, the device appears  as  potentially  active.  It  cannot  be
           determined  if  this  was a failed export, or whether the device is
           really in use from another host. To import a pool  in  this  state,
           the -f option is required.

           -d dir     Searches  for devices or files in dir. The -d option can
                      be specified multiple times.


           -D         Imports destroyed pool. The -f option is also  required.


           -f         Forces  import,  even  if  the pool appears to be poten-
                      tially active.


           -o opts    Comma-separated list of mount options to use when mount-
                      ing  datasets within the pool. See zfs(8) for a descrip-
                      tion of dataset properties and mount options.


           -R root    Imports pool(s) with an alternate root. See the  "Alter-
                      nate Root Pools" section.



       zpool import [-d dir] [-D] [-f] [-a]

           Imports all pools found in the search directories. Identical to the
           previous command, except that all pools with a sufficient number of
           devices  available  are  imported. Destroyed pools, pools that were
           previously destroyed with the "-zpool destroy" command, will not be
           imported unless the -D option is specified.

           -d dir    Searches  for  devices or files in dir. The -d option can
                     be specified multiple times.


           -D        Imports destroyed pools  only.  The  -f  option  is  also
                     required.


           -f        Forces import, even if the pool appears to be potentially
                     active.



       zpool upgrade

           Displays all pools formatted using a different ZFS on-disk version.
           Older  versions  can continue to be used, but some features may not
           be available. These pools can be upgraded using "zpool upgrade -a".
           Pools  that  are formatted with a more recent version are also dis-
           played, although these pools will be inaccessible on the system.


       zpool upgrade -v

           Displays ZFS versions supported by the current software.  The  cur-
           rent ZFS versions and all previous supportedversions are displayed,
           along with an explanation of the features provided with  each  ver-
           sion.


       zpool upgrade [-a | pool]

           Upgrades the given pool to the latest on-disk version. Once this is
           done, the pool will no longer  be  accessible  on  systems  running
           older versions of the software.

           -a    Upgrades all pools.



       zpool history [pool] ...

           Displays  the  command history of the specified pools (or all pools
           if no pool is specified).



EXAMPLES

       Example 1 Creating a RAID-Z Storage Pool

       The following command creates a pool with a single raidz root vdev that
       consists of six disks.


         # zpool create tank raidz disk0 disk1 disk2 disk3 disk4 disk5



       Example 2 Creating a Mirrored Storage Pool

       The  following command creates a pool with two mirrors, where each mir-
       ror contains two disks.


         # zpool create tank mirror disk0 disk1 mirror disk2 disk3



       Example 3 Creating a ZFS Storage Pool by Using Slices

       The following command creates an unmirrored pool using two disk slices.


         # zpool create tank disk0s1 disk0s4



       Example 4 Creating a ZFS Storage Pool by Using Files

       The following command creates an unmirrored pool using files. While not
       recommended, a pool based on files can be useful for experimental  pur-
       poses.


         # zpool create tank /path/to/file/a /path/to/file/b



       Example 5 Adding a Mirror to a ZFS Storage Pool

       The  following  command  adds  two  mirrored  disks to the pool "tank",
       assuming the pool is already made up of two-way mirrors. The additional
       space is immediately available to any datasets within the pool.


         # zpool add tank mirror disk1 disk2



       Example 6 Listing Available ZFS Storage Pools

       The  following command lists all available pools on the system. In this
       case, the pool zion is faulted due to a missing device.


       The results from this command are similar to the following:


         # zpool list
             NAME              SIZE    USED   AVAIL    CAP  HEALTH     ALTROOT
             pool             67.5G   2.92M   67.5G     0%  ONLINE     -
             tank             67.5G   2.92M   67.5G     0%  ONLINE     -
             zion                 -       -       -     0%  FAULTED    -



       Example 7 Destroying a ZFS Storage Pool

       The following command destroys the pool "tank" and  any  datasets  con-
       tained within.


         # zpool destroy -f tank



       Example 8 Exporting a ZFS Storage Pool

       The following command exports the devices in pool tank so that they can
       be relocated or later imported.


         # zpool export tank



       Example 9 Importing a ZFS Storage Pool

       The following command displays available pools, and  then  imports  the
       pool "tank" for use on the system.


       The results from this command are similar to the following:


         # zpool import
          pool: tank
            id: 15451357997522795478
         state: ONLINE
         action: The pool can be imported using its name or numeric identifier.
         config:

                tank        ONLINE
                  mirror    ONLINE
                    disk1s2  ONLINE
                    disk2s3  ONLINE

         # zpool import tank



       Example 10 Upgrading All ZFS Storage Pools to the Current Version

       The  following  command  upgrades  all ZFS Storage pools to the current
       version of the software.


         # zpool upgrade -a
         This system is currently running ZFS version 2.



       Example 11 Managing Hot Spares

       The following command creates a new pool with an available hot spare:


         # zpool create tank mirror disk0 disk1 spare disk2



       If one of the disks were to fail, the pool  would  be  reduced  to  the
       degraded  state.  The failed device can be replaced using the following
       command:


         # zpool replace tank disk0 disk3



       Once the data has been resilvered, the spare is  automatically  removed
       and  is  made available should another device fails.  The hot spare can
       be permanently removed from the pool using the following command:


         # zpool remove tank disk2




EXIT STATUS

       The following exit values are returned:

       0    Successful completion.


       1    An error occurred.


       2    Invalid command line options were specified.



SEE ALSO

       zfs(8), zfs.util(8)



HISTORY

       The zpool command first appeared in Mac OS X 10.5 (Leopard).



Mac OS X                          14 Nov 2006                         zpool(8)

Mac OS X 10.5 - Generated Sun Oct 28 21:48:41 EDT 2007
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