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libvips ships with a handy command-line image thumbnailer, vipsthumbnail
. This page introduces it, with some examples.
The thumbnailing functionality is implemented by
and vips_thumbnail()
(which thumbnails an image held as a string), see the docs for details. You can use these functions from any language with a libvips binding. For example, from PHP you could write:
vips_thumbnail_buffer()
$filename = "image.jpg"; $image = Vips\Image::thumbnail($filename, 200, ["height" => 200]); $image->writeToFile("my-thumbnail.jpg");
You can also call thumbnail_source
from the CLI, for example:
$ cat k2.jpg | \ vips thumbnail_source [descriptor=0] .jpg[Q=90] 128 | \ cat > x.jpg
libvips options
vipsthumbnail
supports the usual range of vips command-line options. A few of them are useful:
--vips-cache-trace
shows each operation as libvips starts it. It can be handy to see exactly what operations vipsthumbnail
is running for you.
--vips-leak
turns on the libvips memory leak checker. As well as reporting leaks (hopefully there are none) it also tracks and reports peak memory use.
--vips-progress
runs a progress indicator during computation. It can be useful to see where libvips is looping and how often.
--vips-info
shows a higher level view of the operations that vipsthumbnail
is running.
Looping
vipsthumbnail
can process many images in one command. For example:
$ vipsthumbnail *.jpg
will make a thumbnail for every jpeg in the current directory. See the Output directory refsect3 below to see how to change where thumbnails are written.
vipsthumbnail
will process images one after the other. You can get a good speedup by running several vipsthumbnail
s in parallel, depending on how much load you want to put on your system. For example:
$ parallel vipsthumbnail ::: *.jpg
Thumbnail size
You can set the bounding box of the generated thumbnail with the --size
option. For example:
$ vipsthumbnail shark.jpg --size 200x100
Use a single number to set a square bounding box. You can omit either number but keep the x to mean resize just based on that axis, for example:
$ vipsthumbnail shark.jpg --size 200x
Will resize to 200 pixels across, no matter what the height of the input image is.
You can append <
or >
to mean only resize if the image is smaller or larger than the target.
You can append !
to force a resize to the exact target size, breaking the aspect ratio.
Cropping
vipsthumbnail
normally shrinks images to fit within the box set by --size
. You can use the --smartcrop
option to crop to fill the box instead. Excess pixels are trimmed away using the strategy you set. For example:
$ vipsthumbnail owl.jpg --smartcrop attention -s 128
Where owl.jpg
is an off-centre composition:
Gives this result:
First it shrinks the image to get the vertical axis to 128 pixels, then crops down to 128 pixels across using the attention
strategy. This one searches the image for features which might catch a human eye, see
for details.
vips_smartcrop()
Linear light
Shrinking images involves combining many pixels into one. Arithmetic averaging really ought to be in terms of the number of photons, but (for historical reasons) the values stored in image files are usually related to the voltage that should be applied to the electron gun in a CRT display.
vipsthumbnail
has an option to perform image shrinking in linear space, that is, a colourspace where values are proportional to photon numbers. For example:
$ vipsthumbnail fred.jpg --linear
The downside is that in linear mode, none of the very fast shrink-on-load tricks that vipsthumbnail
normally uses are possible, since the shrinking is done at encode time, not decode time, and is done in terms of CRT voltage, not photons. This can make linear light thumbnailing of large images extremely slow.
For example, for a 10,000 x 10,000 pixel JPEG I see:
$ time vipsthumbnail wtc.jpg real 0m0.317s user 0m0.292s sys 0m0.016s $ time vipsthumbnail wtc.jpg --linear real 0m4.660s user 0m4.640s sys 0m0.016s
Output directory
You set the thumbnail write parameters with the -o
option. This is a pattern which the input filename is pasted into to produce the output filename. For example:
$ vipsthumbnail fred.jpg jim.tif -o tn_%s.jpg
For each of the files to be thumbnailed, vipsthumbnail
will drop the extension (.jpg
and .tif
in this case) and then substitute the name into the -o
option, replacing the
So this example will write thumbnails to s
tn_fred.jpg
and tn_jim.jpg
.
If the pattern given to -o
is an absolute path, any path components are dropped from the input filenames. This lets you write all of your thumbnails to a specific directory, if you want. For example:
$ vipsthumbnail fred.jpg ../jim.tif -o /mythumbs/tn_%s.jpg
Now both thumbnails will be written to /mythumbs
, even though the source images are in different directories.
Conversely, if -o
is set to a relative path, any path component from the input file is prepended. For example:
$ vipsthumbnail fred.jpg ../jim.tif -o mythumbs/tn_%s.jpg
Now both input files will have thumbnails written to a subdirectory of their current directory.
Output format and options
You can use -o
to specify the thumbnail image format too. For example:
$ vipsthumbnail fred.jpg ../jim.tif -o tn_%s.png
Will write thumbnails in PNG format.
You can give options to the image write operation as a list of comma-separated arguments in square brackets. For example:
$ vipsthumbnail fred.jpg ../jim.tif -o tn_%s.jpg[Q=90,optimize_coding]
will write jpeg images with quality 90, and will turn on the libjpeg coding optimizer.
Check the image write operations to see all the possible options. For example:
$ vips jpegsave save image to jpeg file usage: jpegsave in filename where: in - Image to save, input VipsImage filename - Filename to save to, input gchararray optional arguments: Q - Q factor, input gint default: 75 min: 1, max: 100 profile - ICC profile to embed, input gchararray optimize-coding - Compute optimal Huffman coding tables, input gboolean default: false interlace - Generate an interlaced (progressive) jpeg, input gboolean default: false no-subsample - Disable chroma subsample, input gboolean default: false trellis-quant - Apply trellis quantisation to each 8x8 block, input gboolean default: false overshoot-deringing - Apply overshooting to samples with extreme values, input gboolean default: false optimize-scans - Split the spectrum of DCT coefficients into separate scans, input gboolean default: false quant-table - Use predefined quantization table with given index, input gint default: 0 min: 0, max: 8 strip - Strip all metadata from image, input gboolean default: false background - Background value, input VipsArrayDouble
The strip
option is especially useful. Many image have very large IPCT, ICC or XMP metadata items embedded in them, and removing these can give a large saving.
For example:
$ vipsthumbnail 42-32157534.jpg $ ls -l tn_42-32157534.jpg -rw-r–r– 1 john john 6682 Nov 12 21:27 tn_42-32157534.jpg
strip
almost halves the size of the thumbnail:
$ vipsthumbnail 42-32157534.jpg -o x.jpg[optimize_coding,strip] $ ls -l x.jpg -rw-r–r– 1 john john 3600 Nov 12 21:27 x.jpg
Colour management
vipsthumbnail
will optionally put images through LittleCMS for you. You can use this to move all thumbnails to the same colour space. All web browsers assume that images without an ICC profile are in sRGB colourspace, so if you move your thumbnails to sRGB, you can strip all the embedded profiles. This can save several kb per thumbnail.
For example:
$ vipsthumbnail shark.jpg $ ls -l tn_shark.jpg -rw-r–r– 1 john john 7295 Nov 9 14:33 tn_shark.jpg
Now transform to sRGB and don’t attach a profile (you can also use strip
, though that will remove all metadata from the image):
$ vipsthumbnail shark.jpg --export-profile srgb -o tn_shark.jpg[profile=none] $ ls -l tn_shark.jpg -rw-r–r– 1 john john 4229 Nov 9 14:33 tn_shark.jpg
(You can use the filename of any RGB profile. The magic string srgb
selects a high-quality sRGB profile that’s built into libvips.)
tn_shark.jpg
will look identical to a user, but it’s almost half the size.
You can also specify a fallback input profile to use if the image has no embedded one. For example, perhaps you somehow know that a JPG is in Adobe98 space, even though it has no embedded profile.
$ vipsthumbnail kgdev.jpg --input-profile /my/profiles/a98.icm