perl(1) Perl Programmers Reference Guide perl(1)
NAME
perl - The Perl 5 language interpreter
SYNOPSIS
perl [ -sTtuUWX ] [ -hv ] [ -V[:configvar] ]
[ -cw ] [ -d[t][:debugger] ] [ -D[number/list] ]
[ -pna ] [ -Fpattern ] [ -l[octal] ] [ -0[octal/hexadecimal] ]
[ -Idir ] [ -m[-]module ] [ -M[-]'module...' ] [ -f ]
[ -C [number/list] ] [ -S ] [ -x[dir] ]
[ -i[extension] ]
[ [-e|-E] 'command' ] [ -- ] [ programfile ] [ argument ]...
For more information on these options, you can run "perldoc perlrun".
GETTING HELP
The perldoc program gives you access to all the documentation that
comes with Perl. You can get more documentation, tutorials and
community support online at <https://www.perl.org/>.
If you're new to Perl, you should start by running "perldoc perlintro",
which is a general intro for beginners and provides some background to
help you navigate the rest of Perl's extensive documentation. Run
"perldoc perldoc" to learn more things you can do with perldoc.
For ease of access, the Perl manual has been split up into several
sections.
Overview
perl Perl overview (this section)
perlintro(1) Perl introduction for beginners
perlrun(1) Perl execution and options
perltoc(1) Perl documentation table of contents
Tutorials
perlreftut(1) Perl references short introduction
perldsc(1) Perl data structures intro
perllol(1) Perl data structures: arrays of arrays
perlrequick(1) Perl regular expressions quick start
perlretut(1) Perl regular expressions tutorial
perlootut(1) Perl OO tutorial for beginners
perlperf (1) Perl Performance and Optimization Techniques
perlstyle(1) Perl style guide
perlcheat(1) Perl cheat sheet
perltrap(1) Perl traps for the unwary
perldebtut(1) Perl debugging tutorial
perlfaq Perl frequently asked questions
perlfaq1(1) General Questions About Perl
perlfaq2(1) Obtaining and Learning about Perl
perlfaq3(1) Programming Tools
perlfaq4(1) Data Manipulation
perlfaq5(1) Files and Formats
perlfaq6(1) Regexes
perlfaq7(1) Perl Language Issues
perlfaq8(1) System Interaction
perlfaq9(1) Networking
Reference Manual
perlsyn(1) Perl syntax
perldata(1) Perl data structures
perlop(1) Perl operators and precedence
perlsub(1) Perl subroutines
perlfunc(1) Perl built-in functions
perlopentut(1) Perl open() tutorial
perlpacktut(1) Perl pack() and unpack() tutorial
perlpod(1) Perl plain old documentation
perlpodspec(1) Perl plain old documentation format specification(1)
perldocstyle(1) Perl style guide for core docs
perlpodstyle(1) Perl POD style guide
perldiag(1) Perl diagnostic messages
perldeprecation(1) Perl deprecations
perllexwarn(1) Perl warnings and their control
perldebug(1) Perl debugging
perlvar(1) Perl predefined variables
perlre(1) Perl regular expressions, the rest of the story
perlrebackslash(1) Perl regular expression backslash sequences
perlrecharclass(1) Perl regular expression character classes
perlreref(1) Perl regular expressions quick reference
perlref(1) Perl references, the rest of the story
perlform(1) Perl formats
perlobj(1) Perl objects
perltie(1) Perl objects hidden behind simple variables
perlclass(1) Perl class syntax
perldbmfilter(1) Perl DBM filters
perlipc(1) Perl interprocess communication
perlfork(1) Perl fork() information
perlnumber(1) Perl number semantics
perlthrtut(1) Perl threads tutorial
perlport(1) Perl portability guide
perllocale(1) Perl locale support
perluniintro(1) Perl Unicode introduction
perlunicode(1) Perl Unicode support
perlunicook(1) Perl Unicode cookbook
perlunifaq(1) Perl Unicode FAQ
perluniprops(1) Index of Unicode Version 5.2.0 properties in Perl
perlunitut(1) Perl Unicode tutorial
perlebcdic(1) Considerations for running Perl on EBCDIC platforms
perlsec(1) Perl security
perlsecpolicy(1) Perl security report handling policy
perlmod(1) Perl modules: how they work
perlmodlib(1) Perl modules: how to write and use
perlmodstyle(1) Perl modules: how to write modules with style
perlmodinstall(1) Perl modules: how to install from CPAN
perlnewmod(1) Perl modules: preparing a new module for distribution
perlpragma(1) Perl modules: writing a user pragma
perlutil(1) utilities packaged with the Perl distribution
perlfilter(1) Perl source filters
perldtrace(1) Perl's support for DTrace
perlglossary(1) Perl Glossary
Internals and C Language Interface
perlembed(1) Perl ways to embed perl in your C or C++ application(1)
perldebguts(1) Perl debugging guts and tips
perlxstut(1) Perl XS tutorial
perlxs(1) Perl XS application programming interface
perlxstypemap(1) Perl XS C/Perl type conversion tools
perlclib(1) Internal replacements for standard C library functions(1)
perlguts(1) Perl internal functions for those doing extensions
perlcall(1) Perl calling conventions from C
perlmroapi(1) Perl method resolution plugin interface
perlreapi(1) Perl regular expression plugin interface
perlreguts(1) Perl regular expression engine internals
perlclassguts(1) Internals of class syntax
perlapi(1) Perl API listing (autogenerated)
perlintern(1) Perl internal functions (autogenerated)
perliol(1) C API for Perl's implementation of IO in Layers
perlapio(1) Perl internal IO abstraction interface
perlhack(1) Perl hackers guide
perlsource(1) Guide to the Perl source tree
perlinterp(1) Overview of the Perl intepreter source and how it works
perlhacktut(1) Walk through the creation of a simple C code patch
perlhacktips(1) Tips for Perl core C code hacking
perlpolicy(1) Perl development policies
perlgov(1) Perl Rules of Governance
perlgit(1) Using git with the Perl repository
History
perlhist(1) Perl history records
perldelta(1) Perl changes since previous version
perl5381delta(1) Perl changes in version 5.38.1
perl5380delta(1) Perl changes in version 5.38.0
perl5363delta(1) Perl changes in version 5.36.3
perl5362delta(1) Perl changes in version 5.36.2
perl5361delta(1) Perl changes in version 5.36.1
perl5360delta(1) Perl changes in version 5.36.0
perl5343delta(1) Perl changes in version 5.34.3
perl5342delta(1) Perl changes in version 5.34.2
perl5341delta(1) Perl changes in version 5.34.1
perl5340delta(3) Perl changes in version 5.34.0
perl5321delta(1) Perl changes in version 5.32.1
perl5320delta(1) Perl changes in version 5.32.0
perl5303delta(1) Perl changes in version 5.30.3
perl5302delta(1) Perl changes in version 5.30.2
perl5301delta(1) Perl changes in version 5.30.1
perl5300delta(1) Perl changes in version 5.30.0
perl5283delta(3) Perl changes in version 5.28.3
perl5282delta(1) Perl changes in version 5.28.2
perl5281delta(1) Perl changes in version 5.28.1
perl5280delta(1) Perl changes in version 5.28.0
perl5263delta(3) Perl changes in version 5.26.3
perl5262delta(1) Perl changes in version 5.26.2
perl5261delta(1) Perl changes in version 5.26.1
perl5260delta(1) Perl changes in version 5.26.0
perl5244delta(1) Perl changes in version 5.24.4
perl5243delta(1) Perl changes in version 5.24.3
perl5242delta(1) Perl changes in version 5.24.2
perl5241delta(1) Perl changes in version 5.24.1
perl5240delta(1) Perl changes in version 5.24.0
perl5224delta(1) Perl changes in version 5.22.4
perl5223delta(1) Perl changes in version 5.22.3
perl5222delta(1) Perl changes in version 5.22.2
perl5221delta(1) Perl changes in version 5.22.1
perl5220delta(1) Perl changes in version 5.22.0
perl5203delta(1) Perl changes in version 5.20.3
perl5202delta(1) Perl changes in version 5.20.2
perl5201delta(1) Perl changes in version 5.20.1
perl5200delta(1) Perl changes in version 5.20.0
perl5184delta(1) Perl changes in version 5.18.4
perl5182delta(1) Perl changes in version 5.18.2
perl5181delta(1) Perl changes in version 5.18.1
perl5180delta(1) Perl changes in version 5.18.0
perl5163delta(1) Perl changes in version 5.16.3
perl5162delta(1) Perl changes in version 5.16.2
perl5161delta(1) Perl changes in version 5.16.1
perl5160delta(1) Perl changes in version 5.16.0
perl5144delta(1) Perl changes in version 5.14.4
perl5143delta(1) Perl changes in version 5.14.3
perl5142delta(1) Perl changes in version 5.14.2
perl5141delta(1) Perl changes in version 5.14.1
perl5140delta(1) Perl changes in version 5.14.0
perl5125delta(1) Perl changes in version 5.12.5
perl5124delta(1) Perl changes in version 5.12.4
perl5123delta(1) Perl changes in version 5.12.3
perl5122delta(1) Perl changes in version 5.12.2
perl5121delta(1) Perl changes in version 5.12.1
perl5120delta(1) Perl changes in version 5.12.0
perl5101delta(1) Perl changes in version 5.10.1
perl5100delta(1) Perl changes in version 5.10.0
perl589delta(1) Perl changes in version 5.8.9
perl588delta(1) Perl changes in version 5.8.8
perl587delta(1) Perl changes in version 5.8.7
perl586delta(1) Perl changes in version 5.8.6
perl585delta(1) Perl changes in version 5.8.5
perl584delta(1) Perl changes in version 5.8.4
perl583delta(1) Perl changes in version 5.8.3
perl582delta(1) Perl changes in version 5.8.2
perl581delta(1) Perl changes in version 5.8.1
perl58delta(1) Perl changes in version 5.8.0
perl561delta(1) Perl changes in version 5.6.1
perl56delta(1) Perl changes in version 5.6
perl5005delta(1) Perl changes in version 5.005
perl5004delta(1) Perl changes in version 5.004
Miscellaneous
perlbook(1) Perl book information
perlcommunity(1) Perl community information
perldoc(1) Look up Perl documentation in Pod format
perlexperiment(1) A listing of experimental features in Perl
perlartistic(1) Perl Artistic License
perlgpl(1) GNU General Public License
Language-Specific
perlcn Perl for Simplified Chinese (in UTF-8)
perljp Perl for Japanese (in EUC-JP)
perlko Perl for Korean (in EUC-KR)
perltw Perl for Traditional Chinese (in Big5)
Platform-Specific
perlaix(1) Perl notes for AIX
perlamiga(1) Perl notes for AmigaOS
perlandroid(1) Perl notes for Android
perlbs2000(1) Perl notes for POSIX-BC BS2000
perlcygwin(1) Perl notes for Cygwin
perlfreebsd(1) Perl notes for FreeBSD
perlhaiku(1) Perl notes for Haiku
perlhpux(1) Perl notes for HP-UX
perlhurd(1) Perl notes for Hurd
perlirix(1) Perl notes for Irix
perllinux(1) Perl notes for Linux
perlmacosx(1) Perl notes for Mac OS X
perlopenbsd(1) Perl notes for OpenBSD
perlos2(1) Perl notes for OS/2
perlos390(1) Perl notes for OS/390
perlos400(1) Perl notes for OS/400
perlplan9(1) Perl notes for Plan 9
perlqnx(1) Perl notes for QNX
perlriscos(1) Perl notes for RISC OS
perlsolaris(1) Perl notes for Solaris
perlsynology(1) Perl notes for Synology
perltru64(1) Perl notes for Tru64
perlvms(1) Perl notes for VMS
perlvos(1) Perl notes for Stratus VOS
perlwin32(1) Perl notes for Windows
Stubs for Deleted Documents
perlboot
perlbot
perlrepository
perltodo
perltooc
perltoot
On a Unix-like system, these documentation files will usually also be
available as manpages for use with the man program.
Some documentation is not available as man pages, so if a cross-
reference is not found by man, try it with perldoc. Perldoc can also
take you directly to documentation for functions (with the -f switch).
See "perldoc --help" (or "perldoc perldoc" or "man perldoc") for other
helpful options perldoc has to offer.
In general, if something strange has gone wrong with your program and
you're not sure where you should look for help, try making your code
comply with use strict and use warnings. These will often point out
exactly where the trouble is.
DESCRIPTION
Perl officially stands for Practical Extraction and Report Language,
except when it doesn't.
Perl was originally a language optimized for scanning arbitrary text
files, extracting information from those text files, and printing
reports based on that information. It quickly became a good language
for many system management tasks. Over the years, Perl has grown into a
general-purpose programming language. It's widely used for everything
from quick "one-liners" to full-scale application development.
The language is intended to be practical (easy to use, efficient,
complete) rather than beautiful (tiny, elegant, minimal). It combines
(in the author's opinion, anyway) some of the best features of sed,
awk, and sh, making it familiar and easy to use for Unix users to whip
up quick solutions to annoying problems. Its general-purpose
programming facilities support procedural, functional, and object-
oriented programming paradigms, making Perl a comfortable language for
the long haul on major projects, whatever your bent.
Perl's roots in text processing haven't been forgotten over the years.
It still boasts some of the most powerful regular expressions to be
found anywhere, and its support for Unicode text is world-class. It
handles all kinds of structured text, too, through an extensive
collection of extensions. Those libraries, collected in the CPAN,
provide ready-made solutions to an astounding array of problems. When
they haven't set the standard themselves, they steal from the best --
just like Perl itself.
AVAILABILITY
Perl is available for most operating systems, including virtually all
Unix-like platforms. See "Supported Platforms" in perlport for a
listing.
ENVIRONMENT
See "ENVIRONMENT" in perlrun(1).
AUTHOR
Larry Wall <larry@wall.org>, with the help of oodles of other folks.
If your Perl success stories and testimonials may be of help to others
who wish to advocate the use of Perl in their applications, or if you
wish to simply express your gratitude to Larry and the Perl developers,
please write to perl-thanks@perl.org .
FILES
"@INC" locations of perl libraries
"@INC" above is a reference to the built-in variable of the same name;
see perlvar for more information.
SEE ALSO
https://www.perl.org/ the Perl homepage
https://www.perl.com/ Perl articles
https://www.cpan.org/ the Comprehensive Perl Archive
https://www.pm.org/ the Perl Mongers
DIAGNOSTICS
Using the "use strict" pragma ensures that all variables are properly
declared and prevents other misuses of legacy Perl features. These are
enabled by default within the scope of "use v5.12" (or higher).
The "use warnings" pragma produces some lovely diagnostics. It is
enabled by default when you say "use v5.35" (or higher). One can also
use the -w flag, but its use is normally discouraged, because it gets
applied to all executed Perl code, including that not under your
control.
See perldiag for explanations of all Perl's diagnostics. The "use
diagnostics" pragma automatically turns Perl's normally terse warnings
and errors into these longer forms.
Compilation errors will tell you the line number of the error, with an
indication of the next token or token type that was to be examined.
(In a script passed to Perl via -e switches, each -e is counted as one
line.)
Setuid scripts have additional constraints that can produce error
messages such as "Insecure dependency". See perlsec.
Did we mention that you should definitely consider using the use
warnings pragma?
BUGS
The behavior implied by the use warnings pragma is not mandatory.
Perl is at the mercy of your machine's definitions of various
operations such as type casting, atof(), and floating-point output with
sprintf().
If your stdio requires a seek or eof between reads and writes on a
particular stream, so does Perl. (This doesn't apply to sysread() and
syswrite().)
While none of the built-in data types have any arbitrary size limits
(apart from memory size), there are still a few arbitrary limits: a
given variable name may not be longer than 251 characters. Line
numbers displayed by diagnostics are internally stored as short
integers, so they are limited to a maximum of 65535 (higher numbers
usually being affected by wraparound).
You may submit your bug reports (be sure to include full configuration
information as output by the myconfig program in the perl source tree,
or by "perl -V") to <https://github.com/Perl/perl5/issues>.
Perl actually stands for Pathologically Eclectic Rubbish Lister, but
don't tell anyone I said that.
NOTES
The Perl motto is "There's more than one way to do it." Divining how
many more is left as an exercise to the reader.
The three principal virtues of a programmer are Laziness, Impatience,
and Hubris. See the Camel Book for why.
perl v5.38.2 2023-11-28 perl(1)
perl 5.38.2 - Generated Thu Nov 28 07:16:53 CST 2024